Labor Market Analysis

Question: Compose a paper onlabor advertise investigation. Answer: A work advertise examination for the most part distinguishes the zones inside which the organization vies for business. The work advertise investigation assists with leading the market review inside the work showcase so as to decide the pace of the compensation that is paid to the various people. There are diverse work advertise portions in the economy of the Australian work Market. The work advertise fundamentally alludes to the collaboration between the interest and flexibly of work. The work showcase investigation in the Australian work advertise for the most part assists with deciding the quantity of occupations in the Australian work showcase (Bowen Finegan, 2015). The size of the Australian work power has expanded from 5.6 million individual to about 9.8 million between the years 1971-2001. In the course of recent years, the Australian work advertise has experienced an intelligent change. On the flexibly side, the individual specialists are the piece of the work advertise where they gracefully work contributions to creation. In the Australian work showcase, the pace of business expanded to 17,400 and the pace of joblessness diminished by781, 100. The official pace of joblessness diminished from 0.1 focuses to 65 percent (Atalay Barrett, 2015). An Understanding of Australian Traditional Market Theory According to the reports, there are patterns that have been going on in the advanced innovation just as online life that are extending with the assistance of the promoting techniques. The customary advertising hypothesis can be clarified in the accompanying ways:1. Market the conventional market hypothesis are principally founded on a colleague with the business sectors. The market thusly comprises of the shoppers, contenders just as the tyrant organizations. The viable conventional market thus offers a higher estimation of the buyers when contrasted with that of the opposition that happens in the market. The customary market hypothesis verifies that the organization demonstrations in concurrence with the fitting laws just as guidelines. So as to execute an effective advertising methodology the organization must know about what the shoppers requires just as what the contenders are executing (McLachlan, 2013).As per as a showcasing review that has been directed, the study gives a crit icism on the mentality of the purchasers towards the result of the organization just as the contenders. Since various buyers have different requirements, the organizations must pick a market that can be effectively open at a sensible value (Hildenbrand, 2014).2. Item according to as selling is concerned, conventional promoting contrasts in the methodology they use to sell the items. As far as conventional advertising, selling is named as the way that requires persuading the customers so they buy the items that is sold by the organization. Conventional promoting discovers what is required by the shoppers just as what is the cost the purchasers are eager to pay. Subsequent to discovering the subtleties, the organization will offer the cost to the buyer that the shopper is eager to pay. On the off chance that the showcasing research is done effectively, at that point the shoppers will buy the item (Sabia Wooden, 2015). 3. Channel One of the most significant components of conventional p romoting is the choice of a circulation channel that is practical for the buyer who is purchasing the item. The circulation channels basically incorporate the retail locations, direct deals just as the mail request with online deal getting fundamental. The online deal has likewise fitted into the hypothesis of conventional promoting model as a discretionary channel. The advertising overview gives the insights regarding the items that the customers would like to buy (May et al., 2013). 4. Worth One of the most significant bases of the customary advertising is encouraging the important products for trade. It is imperative to elevate the items to those clients who has the incentive for the specific great and is probably going to buy that great. A faithful client is made when the client gets the full fulfillment from the utilization of the item. The dedicated will consequently keep on making the buy till the individual in question gets fulfillment from the great. The figure gives a stru cture about the assurance of the result of cost and amount in the Australian Labor Market. The assurance of the amount incorporates the assurance of the business, joblessness just as the result of the value that thusly incorporates the work cost of the business (Wilkins Warren, 2013). S signifies the work flexibly that mirrors the cooperation of the workforce. D that thusly mirrors the ability of the businesses to enlist indicates the interest of the work. V signifies the degree of opening, though the work is estimated concerning the D-V bend. W shows the compensation bend that thusly catches the qualities of the clingy cost of the Australian Labor advertise (Tan Lester, 2012). The Labor Demand Trend in Australia The adjustment in the yield and the expense of the data sources chiefly changes the interest for the work. The interest of the work is displayed as a choice of the firm and furthermore from the neoclassical perspective. The work showcase in Australia for the most part takes the pay and the expense of the contribution as given and with the assistance of this; the organizations pick the work so as to augment the arrival. The work request bend of the firm in the short run is given by the bend of the minimal income item. Be that as it may, over the long haul there are enormous prospects of subbing the work for capital and furthermore the material information sources (Australia, 2014). The conventional interest of work in Australia can be written in the accompanying ways:ln Lt = 0 + 1 ln (w/p) + 2 ln Qt + 3t + 4 ln Lt-1 + utHere L is characterized as the business that is estimated as the quantity of representatives utilized and the hours they work. The GDP deflator is indicated by p. The ostensible pace of compensation is demonstrated by w and Q is the yield (Duncan et al., 2014). The time pattern is meant by t. In the Australian Labor Market, the wages changes radically and it likewise streams over the money related framework to all the enterprises. In the Australian Labor Market, the business is commonly estimated regarding the complete work and it is declined on the various factors that incorporate genuine wages, yield just as the time (Australia, 2014). The adjustment in the innovation prompts the pattern in the work request of the Australian work Market. The innovative change expands the efficiency of the high gifted when contrasted with that of the low-talented specialists. The second factor that has influenced the pattern in the work request in the Australian Market is the universal exchange that has shortened the relative interest for the low-gifted specialists. The Labor Supply Trend in Australia The work power in Australia incorporates those people who are utilized and are effectively searching for occupations. One of the elements that add to changing patterns in the Australian work gracefully is relocation. Migration influences the work gracefully pattern in Australia by expanding the number of inhabitants in the working age. Migration assists with improving the development of the economy by bringing the talented laborers who are exceptionally requested. The adjustment in the creation of the movement admission of Australia has influenced the work gracefully of the Australian work advertise. The ascent in cooperation has compared with a decline in normal hours toiled, transcendently over the previous decade. Therefore, the whole number of hours worked has created at a more slow rate than the quantity of individuals working. (Muffels, 2014). The components those are remembered for movement likewise incorporates a scope of transitory visa holders and the working occasion produ cers who additionally prompts the pattern in the work flexibly of the Australian Labor advertise. The taste, perspectives and the inclinations of the laborers additionally influences the flexibly pattern in the Australian work advertise (Watson, 2013). The size of the working populace is additionally answerable for the adjustment in the flexibly of the work in Australia. According to the report, the yearly development of populace in Australia got in the year 2000. The extent of the work power that had shown up in Australia in the first five years expanded from under 3 percent in 1996 to right around 6 percent in 2011. The movement brought about the improved pace of the flexibly of work and thus, the quantity of jobless migrants diminished. The foreigners thus, had a higher pace of support when contrasted with that of everyone. This was for the most part in light of the fact that the settlers were more youthful when contrasted with everyone. The significant commitment of movement to the work gracefully has originated from changes in the piece of relocation admission in Australia. Specifically, the enlarge in suffering visas since the mid 1990s has generally been for talented transients. According to the reports, there are an aggregate of 457 visas that added to the all out number of migrants that thus added to the absolute flexibly of work. The migrants generally settled in the Western piece of Australia just as Northern Territory where the employments identified with mining was for the most part well known. The visas of the understudies likewise added to the bigger gracefully of work in Australia. The understudies in Australia worked for at any rate 20 hours per week while their exercises are in meeting. Over the previous decade, the quantity of understudies who holds visa has significantly increased. This was by a long shot the biggest increment in the visa classification. The quantity of working occasion visa holders in Australia has around two collapsed sin ce the mid 2000s. Be that as it may, this number was moderately when contrasted with the understudies and different workers. The interest and Supply Equilibrium in the work marketThe wage w* is otherwise called the market clearing wage and the explanation is that some other compensation level would either make an upward or a descending power on the pay. Thus, there will be number of occupations that will pursue just a couple of acc

The Chrysanthemums and A Jury of Her Peers Essay

The Chrysanthemums and A Jury of Her Peers - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that in the realm of writing, each writer starts the innovative procedure in an unexpected way. Some beginning by making an ideal observation in their work by utilizing exceptional and enamoring settings to catch the consideration of the crowd. Through this decision of style, they can investigate and show their crowd the world wherein they are going to put their characters. These ways to deal with composing are right and acknowledged recorded as a hard copy, be that as it may; there are issues that must be seen to make any bit of writing to be viewed as an artful culmination in the field of composing. The setting of a story passes on characters and topics in a novel distinctively relying upon the nature and sort of the setting. These can be delineated utilizing these two books chrysanthemums and A Jury of Her Peers. Close investigation of the chrysanthemums uncovers that the story happens in the Salinas Valley during the long stretch o f December at Henry Allen’s property situated on the lower region. Quickly we meet characters who delineate a provincial setting just in the fundamentals of the novel. The ladies are detached in their own reality and the men depict quality and are manlier than normal men are. Elisa’s spouse rides on a range while Elisa herself is restricted to her home and just works in her bloom garden. The setting of the novel conditions her character and causes her to carry on country like. Taking a gander at the subjects the provincial setting of the story draws out the issue of abuse of ladies and opportunity.

How to Relieve Stress With Art Therapy

How to Relieve Stress With Art Therapy Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print How to Relieve Stress With Art Therapy By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Jovo Jovanovic / Getty Images While art therapy is its own field, you can also use self-directed art to express your creative side, reduce stress, and get in touch with your feelings. Most of us understood the power of art instinctively as kids: Virtually all children know the joys of sculpting something with play-dough, painting something with fingers, or drawing with crayons and other materials. Other than making random doodles in the margins of a page, if you’re like most adults, you probably don’t express yourself with art as you did when you were a kid. You may not think youre any good at creating art, or you may not think its worth your time, but art is actually a valuable pastime. There are many reasons that art is a great stress relief tool, even for those who dont consider themselves artistically inclined. Benefits of Art Therapy Whether you could give Vincent van Gough a run for his money or can barely draw a stick figure, art is a fantastic way to reduce stress. Results of a 2016 study published in the Journal of the American Art Therapy Association found that just 45 minutes of creative activity can reduce your stress, regardless of artistic experience or talent. Here are some ways that creating art can help alleviate stress: It can take your mind off things. Creating art can take your mind off of whatever is stressing you, at least for a few minutes. Its difficult to keep ruminating on your problems when youre focused on creating. If your problems stay with you, you can incorporate them into your creations. Once youre done, you should have a clearer head with which to tackle your problems again.It can help you tap into a state of flow. Have you ever been so engrossed in an activity to the point of being in a near-meditative state? If so, you might have been experiencing what some psychologists refer to as flow. Similar to meditation, flow can lead to improved performance and lower stress levels.?? You can experience flow when you’re practicing an instrument, playing a sport, or even gardening. You can also experience flow while writing, painting, or drawing.It is another form of self-care. Sometimes, with all of life’s responsibilities, we forget that we need and deserve downtime and self-care. Takin g even a few minutes on a regular basis to devote to a hobby can give you more of what you need in this area. With art, you have the additional benefit of being left with something beautiful (or at least interesting) to show for it. Sketchbooks for Stress Relief Keeping a sketchbook is one of the easiest ways to relieve stress. It can be a form of journaling, and like journaling, it can be cathartic, creative, and stress relieving. You can use a journal for personal art therapy and stress management in the following ways: Draw what you feel. Draw your stress. Drawing literal or abstract representations of what is stressing you out can help you express emotions that may be difficult to put into words.Start a dream journal. A dream journal is an easy and fun way to help you identify patterns in your dreams, which can point to areas of your life that may need some extra attention. Try keeping a notebook and pen next to your bed. As soon as you wake up, draw the first images, symbols, or words that come to your mind. Dont worry if youre not good at drawing. Your dream journal is for your eyes only.Keep a gratitude journal. Many people keep a gratitude journal to catalog what they are grateful for in their lives. You can make your gratitude journal even more personal by drawing what youre thankful for each day. Draw the faces of those you love, places that bring you peace, or other things that you are grateful for. The process of sketching can be a great stress reliever, and revisiting your creations can a lso bring you some peace in the future.Start coloring. These days, coloring isnt just for kids. Adult coloring books can be especially relaxing for those who dont feel artistic, but still want to create beautiful pictures. Art Activities for Stress Relief A Word From Verywell If you continue to feel overwhelmed by stress and it starts to interfere with your daily life, talk to your doctor. They might recommend a therapist who can offer support and techniques for managing your stress.

Changing Organizational Beliefs Of State Funded Research...

Introduction In 1998, University of Berkeley sought research funding through a deal with the company Novartis. The institution faced considerable controversy and backlash as many felt that such a deal violated what they deemed to be a university’s role and obligation to its community. Their belief that a partnership with such a large industry player would take away from the research that has benefited the citizens surrounding Berkeley and the state of California, overall. Faculty organizers of the deal argued that the deal would be advantageous due to the steep competition for state funding of research efforts. In addition, the deal would open up access to biological information held by Novartis, providing students and faculty with†¦show more content†¦By the 1980s, government funding for academic research waned, but still remained as the primary source of capital for research endeavors. As bio-technology needs began to dominate the needs of the science community, th e expensive sector of research became a major slice of the scientific initiatives. Luckily, universities struggling to find ways to obtain funding of new explorations were met with potentially beneficial policy changes encouraging industry partnership with university research. In the 90s, Berkeley was among the universities seeking to increase funding for research initiatives. To keep its research cutting-edge, an advisory board was created to attract financing. Wilhelm Gruissmen, a professor of plant biology, and Gordon Rausser, the Dean of the College of Natural Resources, spearheaded the tasks. The board originally proposed for companies to contribute cash to support the work of the PMB students, but this funding was not enough. Another working group was formed to seek other solutions. This group solicited to large bio-technical and genetics firms. In the end, a relatively new company, Novartis was chosen as it most aligned with Berkeley s goals. Discussion and Recommendations American universities have unique organizational compositions. Vastly hierarchical, many departments and units come together to makeup individual colleges competing for a share of the sacred resources. Despite these divisions,

The Privacy And Ethics Of The Connecticut Department Of...

DDS Privacy and Ethics for I.T. Leah McCarvill Post University Abstract Compliance in protecting information is of prime importance for Quality Management Division of the Connecticut Department of Developmental Services along with any Information Technology professionals. The information collected and stored within the multiple databases and QSR web application is sensitive and falls under (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) HIPAA laws and require all employees to be considered mandated reporters. DDS Privacy and Ethics for I.T. In a role as a consultant used to develop and maintain the various databases and QSR web application used to collect and store various information pertaining to individuals who receive†¦show more content†¦All of this could be hands on in creating databases and applications or just being available to provide feedback on a consulting bases. In essence this role provides the main I.T. professionals with the in depth information they need to make this all function well. Balance The balance needed to ensure that any information is hidden or protected with the need for legitimate whistle blowers can for most companies be a very difficult balance. Whistle blowing is defined in the text as â€Å"An effort to attract public attention to a negligent, illegal, unethical, abusive, or dangerous act by a company or some other organization.† (Reynolds, 2015, p. 440). DDS has a bit of a different view on this and has processes and procedures along with the legal requirements to report any possible Abuse and Neglect that is specialized to this field. Within this field of work all employees are considered mandated reports or in other words mandated whistle blowers. The DDS Procedure for this defines a mandated reporter as â€Å"All DDS and Qualified Provider employees are mandated reporters under Connecticut General Statutes. 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Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago Free Essays

string(116) " to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, then there will need to be more oxygen available to them\." Method: Biotic Data 1. The stream was split into 14 sections and groups of 3 were each assigned to work at different sections of the stream, which began at the beginning, right at the top, and ended further down stream. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method we used for our experiment was Disturbance Sampling. This was accomplished with the aid of a Surber Sampler which we used in one riffle and one pool in our section. The Surber Sampler consisted of a net which had a 1.0mm2 mesh at the end where all the samples were collected and a quadrat which was placed over a part of the riffle or pool and gave us our area of sampling. 3. By laying the quadrat flat on the bed, I disturbed the stream bed and washed any lying organisms into the mesh. I then washed the water through the mesh to collect any samples in the water. 4. Once this was done the invertebrates were identified, counted and recorded Physical Data: 1. To accomplish my physical data, I measured the pH of the water, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), the dissolved oxygen, the depth and the temperature. 2. All were measured using specialised probes which were placed in the water of the riffles or the pool. The probes gave us readings of whichever piece of data we were trying to achieve after 30 seconds. The readings were then recorded. 3. The amount of detritus was estimated using estimation by eye, recorded and measured using a scale of 1-4: 1. None 2. Little 3. Some 4. Abundant The pool was 4 and the riffles was 2. 4. The substrate was also identified as to what matter was present, i.e. Riffles: gravel’s and pebbles. Pools: twigs, soil, leaves, detritus. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in the numbers of Chironomus between pools and riffles. Alternative Hypothesis: There will be a significantly higher number of Chironomus in the pools than in the riffles. Which statistical test? I am going to use the chi square test because we do not know the normal distribution of the data and because I only have a small data sample of 14. A chi square test is used to see if observe values are different from expected values. X2 = ? (O-E)2 o = observed E E = expected POOL RIFFLE OBSERVED (o) 285 15 EXPECTED (e) 300 = 150 300 = 15 O – E 285 – 150 = 135 15 – 150 = -135 (O – E) 2 (285- 150)2 = 18,225 (15-150)2 = 18,225 ( O-E)2 E 18225 = 121.5 150 18225 = 121.5 150 ? (O-E)2 E 121.5 + 121.5 = 243 My chi square value from the experiment was 243. The critical value from the table at 95% confidence showed to be 3.84 at 1 degree of freedom. Because my experimental chi- square value is of a much greater value than my calculated value, it leaves me with a result indicating that my Null Hypothesis is incorrect. I am 99.9% confident that it is wrong as the critical value at this point is 10.8 and my calculated critical value is 243 which is an extremely larger figure. Therefore I will in turn accept my alternative hypothesis which states that there will be a significantly larger number of Chironomus in pools than in the riffles. After my statistical analysis, I can see that there was significantly more Chironomus found in the pool. As my density data shows the maximum abundance of Chironomus is 800m2 in the pool, whereas the maximum number of Chironomus found in the riffles is 50m2. Interpretation Our aim was to investigate the distribution of freshwater Macroinvertebrates in two microhabitats in an upland stream. A stream is formed due to gravity causing overland flow in water and there are many individual factors which affect the stream and the abundance of its inhabitants. The two different types of factors are Abiotic and Biotic. Abiotic The Abiotic factors, which would affect the stream and its inhabitants, are: The current in the riffles, which is significantly stronger compared to the current in the pools. It would suggest that there are either not as many organisms living in the riffles or that if there are, then they would be specially adapted organisms. Examples of this would be an organism, which is highly streamlined. This would help it be prevented from being washed off the rock. It is also adapted to living in the riffles with its ‘claws’ that help it grip and cling onto the rock to prevent it from being washed away. In comparison, there is evidence to indicate that there is none or very little current in the pools. This will affect the organisms living in the pools, because there is very little chance for them to be washed away, resulting in there being a higher population of organisms in the pools than there is in the riffles. The low ratings of current mean that there is also a lot of small substrate particles. This means that many other different types of organisms will inhabit the pools as there will be more prey for predators, and in turn, those which are the predators, will attract organisms which hunt for them themselves. These new predators will also inhabit the pools to consume their prey. The substratum levels and content of them also affects the stream and its organisms. In the pools, there are mostly high levels of detritus as the current is extremely low and so the sediment is allowed to settle on the streambed and be built up. There are, however, lower numbers of detritus, twigs and leaves in the riffles because there is a high current running here and anything which settles here will get washed away. Therefore, there is a layer of gravel and pebbles. Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms. When there are high temperatures or when the temperatures rise, the respiration of the organism will also rise, affecting where they must live due to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, then there will need to be more oxygen available to them. You read "Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago" in category "Papers" By living in the pools, this large amount of oxygen is unavailable to them because of the slow flow rate and low dissolved oxygen percentage. If there is a drastic change in the temperature of the water, then the enzymes in most organisms will become denatured and they will die. This is also the case if the temperature becomes too cold. The organisms will not be able to live in those conditions and so will die. The percentage of dissolved oxygen affects the stream and the distribution of its organisms. When there is a low percentage of dissolved oxygen, there will be a high number of organisms, which are specially adapted to living in these kinds of conditions, such as the Chironomus. This organism has haemoglobin in its body to help it survive in such low levels of dissolved oxygen when it is burrowed in the stream bed. Where there are high levels of oxygen, you will find that there are riffles. This means that there will be very little number of organisms present as they will just be washed away. Biotic Biotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of the stream and its organisms include: * Food Availability – for example,the prey or food particles of the correct size/type * Predation –The probability of prey surviving plummets when predator densities increase. * Competition –Competition from organisms with similar ecological niches * Disease There are 2 microhabitats in the Nant Iago; the pool, and the riffle. I am now going to describe in more detail the differences the characteristics of the two microhabitats and compare them to assist me in describing the factors affecting the distribution of organisms in Nant Iago Nr. Abergevanny, S. Wales. Characteristics Of A Pool To begin, the substrate in the pool mainly consists of small particles such as sand, mud, detritus and twigs. Detritus is dead decaying organic matter. This build up is due to the low flow rate of 0.05m/s in the stream which prevents the substrate from being washed away. The effect is that the substrate settles and is deposited on the streambed as there is not enough force to wash it away and becomes a habitat for many organisms which can be established in the stream. It has made the detritus rating 3.7 which is abundant. The percentage of dissolved oxygen in the stream is 63.6% which is low. This low amount of dissolved oxygen is due to the fact that bacteria feed on the large amounts of settled detritus. These decomposing bacteria are high in numbers and aerobically respire extensively as they feed on the detritus. In order to respire, oxygen is needed; therefore oxygen levels are exceptionally low and plummet in pools due to the mass of bacteria respiring. This leaves a low ventilation of fresh oxygen in water. The low level of fresh oxygen is also due to the substrate on the streambed accumulating and being so condensed, that the water particles are restricted from moving through it. This, together with the low current, means that the oxygen is not able to be replaced and conditions in pool sediments may become anoxic. Characteristics Of A Riffle In a riffle the number of small substrate particles recorded was lower than that of the pool, and this is due to the much faster current flowing through this part of the stream. The flow rate here was 0.431 m/s. This means that it has a considerably higher kinetic energy in comparison to the pool and it results in the diminutive particles and detritus being swept away with ease. This is evidential through the data which I recorded where it demonstrates that the detritus count was 2.4 (little). Organisms which would need to be adapted to these kinds of speeds of water flow. Baetidae is an example. These organisms are extremely streamlined. This assists the organism greatly, as when it hangs onto the rocks, instead of the water taking the Baetidae with its current, the water will instead flow over due to its highly streamlined body. This is also helpful as when the water flows over the organism, the pressure from the flow causes the organism to be pressed against the rock even more, causing greater resistance to the organism being taken away with the current. The Baetidae also has adapted ‘claws’ which are situated on the ends of its legs. These claws cling onto the rock to help give extra strength against being taken away with the current. The dissolved percentage of oxygen was read at 64.1%. This however may not entirely be correct as the reading is far too low than expected, which leads me to believe that the reader may have been defected as the value should be closer to 100%. The general trend is superior to that of the pools because there are large gaps between the large substrate particles in the riffles, which in turn results in higher ventilation and faster current/water flow through the sediment. I will now explain how and why Chironomus are found in pools and are able to live in anoxic conditions. As a female adult Midge deposits her eggs in water, the gelatinous mass hatches and each larvae which has hatched, burrows into the detritus on the bed of the pool. Once here, it develops a silken burrow to prevent the detritus from collapsing on it. The only time the detritivore Chironomus vaguely leaves this silken burrow is when it will pop its head out briefly to feed on the surrounding detritus. This benthic invertebrate is adapted to existing in anoxic conditions and has become acquired to them through several ways; psyological adaptations, behavioural adaptations and structural adaptations. * Structural Adaptations – The Chironomus has diminutive gills at the end of its body which amplifies the large surface area to volume ratio. Therefore oxygen may diffuse in quickly and easily. Its slender cylinder shape means that it can burrow easily in the detritus found on the stream bed. * Behavioural Adaptations – The Chironomus exists in silken burrows in the sediment. This means that there is a constrained quantity of oxygen obtainable to them. Therefore to make the oxygen accessible, they undulate their bodies to make water flow through the tube. This enables the haemoglobin in their bodies to become saturated with oxygen from the water in this ventilation current. * Psyological Adaptations – Just like a mammalian, in order for oxygen to be transported around the body, it must combine with haemoglobin first. Chironomus has haemoglobin which is very similar to that of a mammal. It consists of 1 or 2 polypeptide chains of 136 to 151 amino acid length. Each polypeptide is folded into a tertiary structure and has a single haem group. This haemoglobin is, however, not found in cells, but is found in the body cavity in a fluid named haemolymph. The only main difference between the Chironomus haemoglobin and mammalian haemoglobin is that Chironomus haemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen. This signifies that the oxygen will bind to the haem groups at extremely low partial pressures and will be released only when needed. This assists them when burrowing in anoxic conditions, in the sediment on the pool bed, where oxygen is very restricted. The haemoglobin act as an oxygen store and will this can be demonstrated on an oxygen dissociatio n graph. As shown, the O2 dissociation curve for the Chironomus haemoglobin is to the left of the mammalian O2 dissociation curve. This means that it has a higher affinity and will bind oxygen at especially low partial pressures. The reason why the Chironomus dissociation curve is straight is due to the fact that it has only two polypeptides so it is extremely easy for the molecules to bind to the haem groups. The mammalian dissociation curve is s-shaped (sigmoid). This is because it has four polypeptides. With the first haem group, it is tough for the O2 molecule to bind to it, but once it has then this makes it easier for the second and third O2 molecule to bind to the haem groups. The reason why the curve lines off is due to the fact that it is harder for oxygen to bind to the fourth haem group. Benefits of living in anoxic sediments: Living in anoxic conditions requires special adaptations which can be found in Chironomus. Examples of why it may be beneficial for the Chironomus to live in anoxic conditions are that it helps them avoid predation from predators such as the stone fly nymphs; Perlodidae. It also helps Chironomus avoid competition such as interspecific competition from other organisms, for example, the shrimp (gammaridae) who are also detritivores. The shrimp will feed on the floating detritus but cannot enter the substrates and feed on any buried detritus as it does not have adaptations for anoxic conditions. The Chironomus, however, will feed on the detritus in the pool bed. It means that the shrimp cannot feed on the lower parts of detritus because of the low amounts of dissolved oxygen, they will not survive. This shows the different niches. Evaluation: Experimental Errors: Limitations in apparatus: The limitations in the apparatus equipment may have had an overall affect on my final results. By discussing the limitations with my apparatus, I can then relate it to the affect it had on my results. The first limitation was with the Surber Sampler we used. In the pools, there is not as much flow as there is originating in the riffles. This can be distinguished on my results table where it illustrates that the mean flow rate for the pools is 0.059m/s in contrast to 0.431m/s found in the riffles. Hence, this signifies that with a low flow rate in the pools, anything disturbed such as Chironomus or other invertebrates which did not get washed into the net could have swum away with ease. In comparison, the riffles had the advantage of having a high flow rate connotating that there was a high chance of invertebrates being washed into the mesh net. This affects the results because it means that there could have been an artificially lower count of Chironomus in the pools. there wasn’t and where there should have been a lower, or perhaps a zero count, of Chironomus in the riffles, there were results that showed up to 5 Chironomus being found. The second constraint caused by the Surber Sampler we used was due to the net. The net mesh is 1mm2 and this may have been a problem. Chironomus goes through 8 instar stages where at each stage, they shed their skin and grow bigger. At the first instar stage, the Chironomus is especially minuscule, so when we disturbed the pool or riffle, the small Chironomus will have simply washed straight through the net. This brings us to a conclusion that we could only have possibly trapped Chironomus or other invertebrates exceeding the size of 1mm due to the fact that they would have been rinsed directly through the net if any smaller. This affects the results because it demonstrates that there may have been a significantly higher amount of Chironomus in both pools and riffles although they were not recorded as the net was unsuccessful in detaining them, reason being that their size was too diminutive. Nonetheless, this is not a very significant error as it has an equal effect in both the pool s and the riffles. A third limitation with the Surber Sampler was related to the substrate. More rocks can be found in the riffles, whereas in the pools, more sand and silt can be found. The rocks in the riffles prevented the Surber Sampler from lying flat as the rocks are, all, various sizes. As the Surber Sampler cannot lie flat, Chironomus may have been washed away, underneath the Surber Sampler where it failed to touch the stream bed. The way this has affected the results is obvious. Any Chironomus which failed to wash into the net swam away when disturbed, leaving the Chironomus results lower than they should have been in the riffles. This is an important error as it only effects the riffles. Limitations in method: The method we all took up comprised of each group being assigned to a certain part of the stream. The limitation of this is that when groups further up stepped into the stream; they would have disturbed the streambed. However, samples which they disturbed were not collected. Instead, the invertebrates which were disturbed could have been washed down stream and rinsed into a net belonging to another group downstream. This is called ‘invertebrate drift’ and it is caused when a large number of people are sampling all at the same moment. When invertebrate drift takes place, the invertebrates are much more likely to settle in pools as they have a very low flow rate and this causes the Chironomus count to be higher than it should be which is called ‘over sampling’. It influences the results because it means that, theoretically, the Chironomus count which some groups collected is more elevated than supposed to. This is a major error source as its effect is limited to the downstream groups and mainly the pool regions. This is linked to the accuracy of our results being affected by the limitations in the method. Another aspect contributing to the accuracy of our results being affected by limitations in the method, is that there was no standard method of disturbing. Individuals, who disturbed for their group, will have done so in a different manner to another individual disturbing the streambed further upstream, or downstream. This affects the results because it means that some groups will have collected more data through unsettling the streambed more thoroughly than other groups. Hence, gives the connotation that more invertebrates and Chironomus were found in their sample, which is evident in the pools results where it shows that group 5 collected 80 Chironomus whereas group 11 only collected 3 Chironomus. This is not a major error source as its effect is likely to be equal in both of the pools and riffles. Anomalous Results: By analyzing my results, I have seen that there are several anomalous results which can be commented on. I will discuss and compare the anomalous results which have arisen in both the pools and riffles; Pools: In my results, by looking at Surber Number’s 5 and 9, you can evidently distinguish that the recorded amount of Chironomus established in the pools is ’80’ and ’70’. This is a particularly high amount, even for the pools and it may possibly have been caused by invertebrate drift, as explained above, which would affect the results because it means that the Chironomus was over sampled. This is in contrast to surber sampler’s 7 and 8, where a recorded number of zero Chironomus can be recognized. The reason for this may be due to the detritus reading being ‘2’ with surber sampler number 7. Chironomus feed and bury themselves underneath this detritus sediment which is possibly why there are no Chironomus found in surber sampler 7. This affects the results here, because it leaves us with a lower recording of Chironomus than we are meant to have. However, this does not explain the findings for surber sampler number 8. The detritus reading here is 4, which may lead us to believe that perhaps the low Chironomus reading is due to predation, being eaten by a fish of some kind preliminary to our sampling. Perhaps also the Chironomus was in its first instar stage, which would mean that they will not have been trapped by the mesh net. Alternatively, the Chironomus might have just developed into an adult midge, and would no longer be found in the water, but in the air. This would affect the results collected because it would leave us the impression that possibly, if we had sampled the stream on an earlier, or later date, then the Chironomus would be at a trappable larva stage. Riffles: Surber sampler’s 7, 8 and 12 have high numbers of Chironomus readings despite of the fact that they are not usually found in this area. Possible reasons for this might be due to invertebrate drift from further upstream, or it could be due to the small particles of detritus being found in these riffles. The detritus could have been collected in sheltered areas such as behind large boulders. After being deposited there and this would have developed a micro habitat, with a mini pool being formed in a riffle, which would explain the high number’s of Chironomus being found. Another anomalous result which was portrayed in both the riffle and pools results was the dissolved oxygen saturation readings. By observing both of the mean dissolved oxygen percentage saturations, we can see that in the pools it is 63.6% and in the riffles it is 64.1%. This is entirely incorrect due to the fact that in pools, there is supposed to be barely any dissolved oxygen saturated in the water, and in the riffles, there is supposed to be in the vicinity of 100% dissolved oxygen saturated in the water. These erroneous results are down to the oxygen meter being broken. It affected our whole experiment because it meant we were not able to carry out the trial accurately and record correct results which would assist us in our evaluation. Reliability: In my opinion, the 2 central error sources in my experiment were caused by the Surber Sampler and invertebrate drift. Invertebrate drift occurs when large numbers of people are sampling the equivalent lake/stream at the same period in time. It is incurred when someone (upstream) walking through the stream disturbs the streambed, but does not collect the samples with their mesh net, or in other cases it is caused when invertebrates sweep under/ through/ or to the side of the net. Hereafter, any invertebrates disturbed will flow along with the current and settle amid pools (mainly downstream) which affects results because it means that invertebrates and Chironomus have been over sampled. To prevent invertebrate drift, instead of all groups sampling the stream at the same time, we could allow the group furthest downstream (group 14) to do their experiment first, and then work our way upstream, only allowing groups to do their trial once the group further down has finished their experiment. E.g., group 14 will do their experiment initially and once complete, group 13 will do their experiment. Then once group 13 has completed their experiment, group 12 may carry out their experiment and so forth. This method of carrying out the experiments will completely avoid the matter of invertebrate drift which improve the accuracy of results achieved. Another way of shunning invertebrate drift would be to improve apparatus used, which brings me onto the second central error source within the experiment. The Surber Sampler’s which we used composed only of a quadrat base and a mesh net attached to the end of the quadrat (see drawing). This basic surber sampler meant that when we positioned the quadrat onto the (riffles) streambed, it would not have been laid flat because of rocks being various contours and masses. This affects the results because it means that with the surber sampler lying at an awkward angle, when disturbing, invertebrates are highly likely to be swept underneath the mesh net, or the side, instead of into it. A way of recuperating this quandary is by utilizing a better surber sampler. One surber sampler which could be used consists of a bottomless box attached to the bottom of the quadrat. This will improve the experiment and results because not only will it avoid invertebrate drift through the way that nothing will be able to escape (because it will enclose everything within the desired sampling area right down to the streambed), but it will also improve accuracy, giving you a set volume of substrate. Another alternative to the surber sampler’s which we used is a piece of apparatus called the ‘Eckman Grab’. These ‘grabs’ do not have nets attached to the end of them, but instead act as a set of claws. After your sample has been picked up by these ‘grabs’, you cleanly drop all of its contents into your tray where after, you can record the results. This will develop the results because one of the core setbacks with surber samplers is that the nets tend to lose samples (through or under), whereas with these ‘grabs’ they do not have nets and so keeping all the samples within its hold will assure the results are more accurate and improved. Final Conclusion: As my final conclusion, I will articulate that the trial my group carried out had a quantity of inaccuracies, but not enough for me to completely reject the whole experiment. The results are reasonable as they reflect the way nature works, regardless of the main sources of error. Also, the statistics and chi squared number shows a highly significant difference in the number of Chironomus in the pools and riffles with more found in the pools. The experimental errors are not large enough to cause a 99.9% rejection of the null hypothesis. To determine the whole pattern of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream, the experiments should have been carried out every month, instead of just one day. By doing the experiments on just one day we are left with results that are only able to give us a general idea and impression of the patterns of the distribution of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream. I had to reject my null hypothesis, as I was 99.9% confident that there was a difference. In my opinion, if I was to repeat this experiment even with the improvements I have suggested, then the results obtained would still be the same. How to cite Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago, Papers

Contrast Of Romeo And Juliet An West Side Story Essay Example For Students

Contrast Of Romeo And Juliet An West Side Story Essay Contrast of Romeo and Juliet and West Side StoryEssay submitted by Bob GarrardThree Hundred Fifty Years of Blind Love: A Contraposition of Shakespeare andRobbins Romeo and Juliet Andy Warhol once said, They say that time changes things, but actually you have to change themyourself. Two hundred fifty years passed between the original Romeo and Juliet and the premiereof West Side Story on Broadway in 1957. However, time did not change the message of thestory, simply the creators unique visions evolved. Shakespeares delivery of the timeless tale ofdesperate love in his classic Romeo and Juliet proves to only intensify through retelling andmodern interpretation. Audiences cherish Romeo and Juliet as one of the most beloved plays ofall time from the Elizabethan Age to the present. Romeo and Juliet have attained the role as thequintessential lovers, and the noun, a Romeo, is synonymous with lover. ShakespearesRomeo and Juliet is closely based on Arthur Brookes tale, The Tragicall History o f Romeus andJuliet. The language, attitudes, and customs detailed in the play are generally English, in spite ofBrookes original Italian setting. In 1949, choreographer Jerome Robbins decided to retellBrooke and Shakespeares romantic tragedy using song and dance, elements of racism andnationalism, and a modern vernacular. Robbins called upon the musical talents of composerLeonard Bernstein and the words of Arthur Laurents for the script and book. The love storyproved to have universal appeal throughout all artistic forms, as it had already been adjusted foropera and ballet. The contemporary adaptation of this timeless classic alters details and deepensthe message of hatred, but maintains Brooke and Shakespeares vision. The relationshipsbetween the characters, plot sequence, and theme of hatred in West Side Story and Romeo andJuliet intertwine resulting in two similar, yet varying versions of the most famous love story of alltime. The relationships between the characters of West Side Story and Shakespeares Romeo andJuliet are reflective of their respective time periods and the original story. Maria and Julietrepresent a slightly practical counterpart to both Tonys and Romeos idealistic nature. Mariasbrother Bernardo and Juliets cousin Tybalt portray impulsively stubborn and violent characterswho both die from wounds inflicted by the male lead. Lieutenant Schrank is similar to PrinceEscalus, although Schrank is unfair in his treatment and attitude towards one gang- the Sharks. Anita and Nurse both take on the role as Juliets confidant and trusted friend, often tamperingwith their roles as messengers. The mischievously tomboyish Anybodys, who desperately wantsto be a Jet, would best fit into the role of Balthasar, since it was she who aided Tony in escapingafter the rumble, as well as later informing the other Jets that Tony was being hunted. Finally, thecharacter of Doc appears to fulfill the role of Friar Laurence because both possess somewhat of apeacekeeping nature. Doc attempts to get through to Tony by dramatically pleading, Why doyou live like theres a war on? Why do you kill? (2.5). All of the characters are consistent to theheart and soul of the story as well as the slightly differing plots. West Side Story maintains Romeo and Juliets intricate and exciting plot using appropriateadaptations to accommodate mid-twentieth-century pop culture. For instance, both artistic formsportray mutual disrespect between the parties. At the dawn of Romeo and Julie t, Capuletscohorts harass Montagues. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if theybear it, boasts Sampson (1.1.42-43). In the opening scene of West Side Story, several membersof a Puerto Rican gang insult A-rab, a member of the opposing gang. It is here where LieutenantSchrank becomes aware of the potential rumble. In Romeo and Juliet Escalus, Prince of Verona,threatens, If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace(1.1.103-104). In West Side Story, Schrank mediates in his own way when he declares, I got ahot surprise for you: you hoodlums dont own the streets(1.1). Later, another similarity takesplace. Riff convinces Tony to attend the dance at the gym just as Benvolio persuades Romeo toattend the Capulets masquerade. Tony confesses to Riff that hes reachin out forsomething(1.2), just what, he doesnt know. Riff encourages Tony by proposing, Maybe whatyoure waitin forll be twitchin at the dance! (1.2). Shakespeare and direc tor Jerome Robbinschoose to draw the audiences attention to the dramatic lovers by giving them unique and eminentqualities. At the Capulet ball in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, all of the characters speak inblank verse, but when Romeo and Juliet converse, they speak in sonnet form. Throughout thedance at the gym in West Side Story, both of the gangs members dance a mambo, but Tony andMaria dance a cha-cha. Bernstein and Robbins translated Shakespeares spoken word intomodern dance techniques (Gravely 1). Along with the dance atmosphere, the discovery of thedoomed love affair is interpreted in a unique fashion in West Side Story, possibly losing passion inthe adaptation. Upon the revelation by Juliets kinfolk of her new love for the enemy in bothversions, the leading lady responds in similar manners. Couldnt you see hes one of them? (1.4.)Bernardo asks Maria, his sister. No; I saw only him, (1.4) she replies. Sixteenth-century Julietsexclamation was starkly more eloquent:My only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late!Prodigious birth of love it is to me,That I must love a loathed enemy. (1.5.140-143)The balcony scene is mirrored in West Side Story as the fire escape scene. Romeometaphorically asks Juliet to arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon (2.2.4). During the fireescape scene, Tony and Maria sing Leonard Bernsteins s melody, Tonight:Tonight, tonight,The world is full of light,With suns and moons all over the place. Trifles by Susan Glaspell EssayRomeo and Juliets blind love is the force that unites two enemies, just as the eternal human spiritbrings all people of the Earth united as one. English Essays