Cultural differences and similarities between Russia and Tunisia Essay Example for Free

Cultural differences and similarities between Russia and Tunisia EssayThe countries of Tunisia and Russia are two very different nations with two very different peoples. Though the countries do share certain similarities, the culture thither and the cultural specifics of the people in the two nations are quite different. The main differences between the two nations come as a result of lifestyle and religion, which trickle down to impact the rest of the culture in the countries.Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, but it is different from legion(predicate) of the African nations that surround it. The culture there is dominated by religion, as it is a highly Muslim country. The majority of the people not only discover the religion, but closely adhere to the cultural conditions that the religion mandates. There is little room in the nation for people who are different, as homosexuality is considered a crime and women are discouraged from wearing anything other than extr emely conservative clothing.This is, in short, the Tunisian way and it must be adhered to by residents and visitors alike. The cuisine there is highly based upon the religion, as a lot of Arab food is present. It all conforms to the Muslim standards. In Russia, there is an emphasis on religion, but because the nation is so large, the people are not controlled by only superstar religion. In fact, many different religions permeate the population and most co-exist peacefully.One can get some similarities between the two cultures in at least one regard. Art is very important to the people of Russia, just as it is to Tunisians. In Tunisia, one can find many different art museums and festivals. This can happen in Russia, as well, as there are some of the finest art displays in the entire world there. All in all, this is one of the strongest similarities for two nations that are separated by a strict religious difference barrier.

Managing a community Essay Example for Free

Managing a community EssayManaging a community and giving step to the fore rules for the people was a gawk job which needs some magical efforts and broad horizons on things. Having set a different principle allow magnify the weight of the intentions of the drawing card as regards to his platforms for the community. beingness guided by such will alike lead him to boost his eagerness to push what he perceived for the community. Taking into account my oppugn with Mr. Jorge Jasso,it gives me some overview on how to put truly the heart in what we do. Our craft doesnt limit in its exemplification but creating an inner self indoors your intention in the execution of your insures like that of Mr. Jasso who manages to incorporate his intellectual, emotional, moral, social, and physical development to his projects for the community. This instance is tantamount giving out his whole heart in traffic with his people and everything that surrounds his environment. A strengthen philoso phy in life was deeply felt with my interview. Ethical behaviour was indeed an element for Mr.Jasso as he gives out his norms in relations with his condition site decisions, Ethics is defined as the code of moral principles which sets standards of unsloped or bad, or right or wrong, in ones conduct. Ethics provides principles to guide behaviour and help people wee-wee moral choices among alternative courses of action. Ethical behaviour is that which is accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong, in the context of the governing moral code (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 32). Mr.Jassos attitude was considerably ethical as he doesnt limit his rules to what he wanted to execute but negating with people towards their insights and reflections towards the given policy. Peoples opinion truly matter as one make laws for the reason that, above all, laws are for the common good. Making decisions and planning process was the eye of every project. It is imperative to promote an established decisions and plan for progress, upon making things in an ideal way you will definitely achieved the desired output.Having a set of criteria will implore a manageable system as well which will inspire the people in the community to cooperate and be part of the desired progress. Decision-making process involves asset of activities that begins with identification of a problem, includes making a decision, and ends with the paygrade of results (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 166), keen the environ was synonymous to distinguishing what needs to be enhance to make the community a better one and in the case of Mr.Jassos nature, knowing what the school members urges to uplift. Planning is the focal element any given project, and in lieu of which, an outcome was expected. Anything which has been perceived by the leader was expected to implement efficiently, and that the bearing should be fully served most especially for the people involved in the project. An outcome should be fully defined and i n doing such, planning is given a colossal attention.Planning creates a solid platform for the other management function organizing, allocating and arranging mental imagerys to accomplish tasks, leading guiding efforts of human resources to ensure exalted level of task accomplishment, and controlling monitoring task accomplishments and taking necessary corrective actions (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 184), having a set of directions was imperative for any given project and a leader should possess everything that it takes to be creative and outgoing with his established principles and ideals within the genre of his platforms as that of Mr.Jasso. Guided with decision making and magnificent planning, strategy should also be a priority in magnifying a certain policy. Strategy is a comprehensive action plan that identifies the long-term direction for an organization and guides resource utilization to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and importantly, a strategy provides the plan for allocating and using resources with consistent strategic intent (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 207), its a good note how Mr. Jasso brought up the importance of training for its members in the community.This is a good intention on building rapport with the people as it creates a sensation of connection. Indeed, this is a good strategy to make possible all the platforms that has been exemplify. Above all, organizational innovation and change should be at hand in dealing with everything you set as a goal. It is a good point how Mr. Jasso perceived changes in the system along with the proper procedures of executing his projects for the community, specifically in the school priority projects.Innovations in dealing with your set of projects will enable a person to modify his ideals for the better improvement of his project for the community, Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach to solving problems or crafting opportunities (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 293). In dealing with your principles and upon identifying your goals, you have to scrutiny your intention and give verdict to your standards. Being an icon would enable you inspire your people to follow your rules and for them to contribute as well. Mr.Jasso became an icon to everyone and mostly to youth to follow some rules. Being a leader is a remarkable job and it entails some nerve to set out rules, leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 320). To father a leader youll have a grip to power, and such will enable you to drive people to follow any given law, power is the mightiness to get someone else to do something you want done, it is the ability to make things happen the way you want them to (Schermerhorn, 2008 p.321). The interview that Ive done with Mr. Jasso truly embeds a feel of responsibility for the people. The dedication towards a certain crafts goes hand in hand with the way you perceive things. An end goal is essen tial for any given project for this will enable the leader and the people behind to look forward on things that will deliver a change to their system and that will grow their community. References Dr. John R. Schermerhorn, Jr. , Management, John Willy Sons, Inc. 2008.

General psychology Essay Example for Free

General psychology EssayIntroduction ALMOST CERTAINLY YOU willing PROBABLY devote COME ACROSS THE approximation OF PLAGIARISM ALREADY. PLAGIARISM IS ABOUT THE PRESENTATION OF otherwise PEOPLES conk out AS IF IT IS YOUR OWN, FOR YOUR GAIN. THE IDEAS AROUND PLAGIARISM ar PRESENTED TO STUDENTS IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS sometimes PLAGIARISM IS SEEN AS A DREADFUL CRIME. WE WANT TO PRESENT IT HERE IN THE CONTEXT OF AN makeING OF donnish soundY AND WHAT IS TERMED schoolman MISCONDUCT.YOU fate TO enjoy ABOUT THESE THINGS BECAUSE THEY SHOULD GUIDE YOUR MANNER OF hunt down atING IN HIGHER EDUCATION. PLAGIARISM AND CHEATING atomic number 18 SERIOUS ISSUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION, AND PLAGIARISM, INPARTICULAR, IS increase A GREAT superintend AT PRESENT. WE WANT YOU TO HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS AND THE GOOD actING HABITS THAT EN able YOU TO correct EFFECTIVE AND conquer rulingS IN YOUR civilize. THIS unit IS DESIGNED FOR STUDENTS NEAR THE STARTING POINT OF HIGHER EDUCATIO N STUDIES.IT PROVIDES THE IN chassisATION AND SKILLS THAT YOU NEED AT PRESENT AND YOU WILL HAVE to a greater extent real(a) ON THIS TOPIC AT A LATER STAGE, WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW more ABOUT IT. The aim of this unit is to -HELP YOU TO raise A CLEAR IDEA OF donnish H geniusSTY AND ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT -CLARIFY THE MEANINGS OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT CHEATING ANDPLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION -PROVIDE YOU WITH instruction THAT YOU NEED IN ORDER TO BE ACADEMICALLY H aneST-IDENTIFY AND HELP YOU TO ATTAIN THE SKILLS THAT YOU NEED FOR ACADEMIC H bingleSTY AND GOOD recital 1 AS WELL AS PROVIDING whatsoever EXERCISES TO HELP YOU TO LEARN FROM THIS visible, THIS social unit IS INTENDED TO BE A RESOURCE TO WHICH YOU may WISH TO RETURN FOR GUIDANCE. THE ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES ARE AT THE END OF THE UNIT. Some points to think about AS A STUDENT YOU SHOULD LEARN ABOUT ACADEMIC H peerlessSTY BECAUSE IT IS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION BEHAVIOUR. on that point ARE SEVERAL ASPECTS TO IT . IT INVOLVES-ENSURING FAIRNESS TO THOSE WHO HAVE PRODUCED new-fangled KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS -ENSURING THAT THE WORK THAT A PERSON assureS IS HER OWN IS INDEED HER OWN -THE DISCOURAGEMENT FROM CHEATING TO GAIN UNFAIR PERSONAL ADVANTAGE. THE INTENTION TO DECEIVE stave OR THE INSTITUTION IS CENTRAL TO THE ACTIVITY OF THE PLAGIARIST OR CHEAT. HOWEVER, IT IS non FAIR ON YOU, AS A STUDENT, IF YOUR FELLOW COLLEAGUES CHEAT AND PLAGIARISE AND thereby GET BETTER MARKS.SAM, SUZANNE, IZZY, AND KATRINE ARE IN A LEVEL 1 CLASS AT SOMOUTH UNIVERSITY. THEY ARE ALL examineING PSYCHOLOGY AND ARE IN A CLASS OF OVER A HUNDRED AND EIGHTY STUDENTS.THEIR SEMINAR seanceS ARE THIRTY IN NUMBER AND SO FAR THEY DO not notion KNOWN AS INDIVIDUALS BY STAFF. SUZANNE HAS BEEN STRUGGLING BECAUSE SHE, UNLIKE THE former(a)S, DID non STUDY PSYCHOLOGY AT SCHOOL. SHE HAS BEEN QUITE DEPRESSED ABOUT IT AND HAS ASKED THE OTHERS FOR HELP.THEY DID WHAT THEY COULD, simply SHE DID not appear TO BE ABLE TO TAKE IT IN. AT sentenceS SHE chew outS ABOUT LEAVING UNIVERSITY. THEY COME TO THE COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT AT THE END OF LEVEL 1 AND TO E actually cardinalS SURPRISE, SUZANNE COMES OUT WITH ONE OF THE HIGHEST MARKS IN THE CLASS. THE TUTOR PRAISES HER WORK AT THE NEXT SEMINAR AS BEING WELL CONSTRUCTED, AND PARTICULARLY WELL WRITTEN.SUZANNE IS CLEARLY well-chosen AND THEY ALL GO OUT FOR A DRINK IN THE EVENING. UNDER THE IN grippeENCE OF A FEW PINTS SHE LETS SLIP THAT SHE PAID some other STUDENT IN HER HOUSE (FROM LEVEL 2) TO WRITE IT. AFTER THE eon AND EFFORT THE OTHERS HAVE endue INTO HELPING SUZANNE, AND DOING THEIR OWN WORK, THE OTHERS FEEL CHEATED BY HER ACTION.THE ATTITUDE TO PLAGIARISM finish DIFFER IN DIFFERENT CULTURES, FOR EXAMPLE slightlyTIMES IT CAN BE CONSIDERED TO BE AN HONOURABLE ACT TO REPRODUCE THE EXACT WORDS OF THE EXPERT T all(prenominal)ER. IN THE UK THE NORM IS TO EXPECT STUDENTS TO PRODUCE THEIR OWN WORK. THEY WILL, OF COURSE, USE THE WORK OF OTHERS WITHIN THEIR WORK AND WHERETHIS OCCURS THE OTHERS WORK NEEDS TO BE CITED AND WHEN QUOTED, MARKED AS A consultation. few INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS may NEED TO ADJUST TO UK NORMS WHEN STUDYING HERE.2 LAU COMES FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA. HE WAS ENCOURAGED TO GIVE GREAT RESPECT TO HIS T separatelyERS, THERE AND TO see THEM AS EXPERTS WHOSE WORK WAS TO BE EMULATED. HE IS VERY TAKEN ABACK WHEN HE IS TOLD THAT HIS EXAMINATION PAPER SHOULD EXPRESS MORE OF HIS OWN IDEAS AND SHOULD NOT delay veridical THAT HE MUST HAVE LEARNT BY HEART FROM HIS bait NOTES. HE attendS IT HARD TO UNDERSTAND HOW HE, HIMSELF COULD HAVE ANYTHING WORTHWHILE TO SAY AT THIS STAGE.IF YOU ARE AN INTERNATIONAL STUDENT AND FEEL THAT YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE MATERIAL IN THIS UNIT, ASK A TUTOR OR STUDY ADVISOR FOR MORE HELP. Some definitions and explanations WE HAVE SAID THAT THE AVOIDANCE OF CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM IS A MATTER OF HAVING info AND A SET OF SKILLS THAT bewilder GOOD HABITS OF on the job(p). WE START BY LOOKING AT A SET OF EXPL ANATIONS AS PART OF THE INFORMATION, AND consequently YOU WILL BE GIVEN SEVERAL DEFINITIONS.YOU DO NOT NEED TO take THESE DEFINITIONS, b bely YOU ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF THEM. TO START WITH, WE INTRODUCE THE TERM ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT TO MEAN THE USE OF deceptive ACADEMIC BEHAVIOUR TO ONES OWN attain. THE TERM INCLUDES CHEATING, PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION. CLEARLY, SUZANNE ILLUSTRATES ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT IN HER BEHAVIOUR AND THAT WAS PLAGIARISM. CHEATING IS OFTEN SEEN AS A BEHAVIOUR THAT OCCURS IN EXAMINATIONS, provided IT IS BROADER THAN THAT.HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEATING BEHAVIOUR. SIMON KNEW THAT OTHERS NEEDED A BOOK IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE ESSAYS THAT THEY HAD BEEN SET. HE utilise THE LIBRARY BOOK HIMSELF, then HANDED IT BACK IN (IT WAS A SHORT-TERM LOAN) AND THEN WHEN HE WAS IN THE LIBRARY THE NEXT DAY, TOOK THE BOOK FROM ITS proper(a) LOCATION AND PUT IT IN some other AREA OF THELIBRARY.JAMIE WENT INTO THE EXAMINATION WITH TEN KEY NAMES WRITTEN O N HIS ARM IN BALLPOINT draw up JULIETTE WAS DOING A CHEMISTRY DEGREE. HER EXPERIMENT IN CLASS DID NOT GO TOO WELL AND THE DATA SHE ACHIEVED WAS INCOMPLETE. SHE HAD A LOOK AT HER conversancyS BOOK AND GOT AN IDEA OF THE APPROPRIATE broad OF DATA AND MADE SOME UP.CHRISTINA HAD NOT DONE ENOUGH REVISION FOR THE CLASS TEST. SHE TOOK THE DAY OFF, SAYING THAT SHE HAD FLU AND KNOWING THAT SHE WOULD THEN HAVE A BIT MORE TIME TO LEARN FOR THE TEST WHICH SHE WOULD DO LATER. 3 ED HAD A PROJECT IN ENGLISH TO WRITE UP, TO BE HANDED IN AT A PARTICULAR TIME.THERE WAS OTHER ACADEMIC WORK TO BE HANDED IN AT THE uniform TIME AND HE KNEW HE COULD NOT DO ALL OF IT. HE LEFT THE ENGLISH PROJECT UNTIL LAST. AFTER A SESSION IN THE GYM HE COMPLAINED OF A VERY SORE WRIST, PUT A BANDAGE ON IT AND WENT TO SEE HIS TUTOR TO ASK FOR MORE TIME TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT ON THE BASIS THAT HE COULD NOT WRITE VERY QUICKLY AT PRESENT.HIS TUTOR TOLD HIM TO GO TO THE MEDICAL CENTRE AND GET A NOTE. HE CAME BACK TWO DAYS LATER WITH THE PROJECT NOW COMPLETED AND THE WRIST UNBANDAGED AND HEALED. THE TWO DAYS HAD BEEN VERY USEFUL. ABI WAS ONE OF A GROUP OF STUDENTS WHO WERE WORKING TOGETHER ON A PROJECTTHAT WAS TO BE SUBMITTED JOINTLY. SHE HAD GONE INTO HIGHER EDUCATION PARTLY BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO ENJOY A GOOD SOCIAL-LIFE, AND THE PROJECT WAS NOT GOING TO GET IN HER WAY.WHEN THE OTHER STUDENTS IN THE GROUP MET TO WORK ON THE PROJECT, SHE WOULD CONSTANTLY SAY THAT SHE COULD NOT MAKE IT. THEY GOT ON WITH THE PROJECT, COMPLETED IT AND HANDED IT IN WITH ABIS NAME ON IT AS WELL. THEY RESENTED HER BEHAVIOUR, BUT BEING IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THEIR PROGRAMME, DID NOT KNOW EACH OTHER VERY WELL AND DID NOT KNOW HOW TO INDICATE ABIS LACK OF CONTRIBUTION.PLAGIARISM, AS WE HAVE SAID, IS ANOTHER FORM OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT AND ITREQUIRES A or else SPECIAL EXPLANATION WHICH IS AS FOLLOWS THOSE WHO WORK IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CAN BE SEEN AS WORKING IN A COMMUNITY THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY.THIS COMMUNITY HAS A SET OF RULES TO WHICH IT WORKS. ACADEMIC CONVENTIONS ARE THESE RULES AND ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT IS THE BEHAVIOUR THAT CONTRAVENES THESE AGREED RULES. THESE RULES, OBVIOUSLY IDENTIFY CHEATING AS A CONTRAVENTION HOWEVER, THERE ARE ASPECTS OF THESE RULES THAT REFER TO THE OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS. ACCORDING TO THESE RULES OR CONVENTIONS, NEW IDEAS ARE TREATED LIKE PROPERTY THAT SOMEONE OWNS. ONE REASON FOR THIS ISTHAT THERE ARE REWARDS AND AWARDS (GRANTS, PRIZES, QUALIFICATIONS, DEGREES ETC) GIVEN TO PEOPLE FOR THE QUALITY OF THEIR IDEAS. side by side(p) FROM THE NOTION OF NEW IDEAS AS PROPERTY, WE CAN CONSIDER THE USE OF UNATTRIBUTED IDEAS FOR THE GAIN OF ANOTHER PERSON, AS A FORM OF THEFT. BY UNATTRIBUTED, WE MEAN THE LACK OF ATTACHMENT OF A NAME AND SOURCE TO THE IDEA SO IT IS AS IF THE IDEA IS THAT OF THE WRITER.OTHER WORDS FOR ATTRIBUTE ARE summon, ACKNOWLEDGE AND CITE. YOU USUALLY eccentric THE IDEA OF ANOTHER IN THE TEXT (WHERE YOU HAVE REFERRED TO THE IDEA, OR QUOTED FROM IT) AND IN A quality LIST AT THE END OF YOUR WORK.PLAGIARISM IS THE TERM FOR PASSING OFF ANOTHERS WORK AS ONES OWN FOR ONES OWN BENEFIT. IT USUALLY THAT OTHERS IDEAS HAVE BEEN BORROWED WITHOUT BEING qualityD TO THE ORIGINAL CREATOR OF THE IDEA. PLAGIARISM OCCURS WHETHER THE PASSING OFF OF THE WORK AS ONES OWN IS INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL. WE HAVE TO SAY THAT PLAGIARISM MAY BE UNINTENTIONAL BECAUSE ANYONE CAN ALWAYS CLAIM THAT S/HE HE DID NOT KNOW ABOUT PLAGIARISM.4 CORRESPONDINGLY THEREFORE, TEACHERS AND INSTITUTIONS HAVE TO BE CLEAR THEMSELVES THAT THEY HAVE ENSURED THAT STUDENTS HAVE RECEIVED APPROPRIATE OPPORTUNITIES TOUNDERSTAND ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT AND TO HAVE LEARNT THE NECESSARY SKILLS TO BEHAVE WITH ACADEMIC HONESTY. BELOW ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM EMMA WAS DOING A LAW DEGREE AND FOUND THAT HER FLAT-MATE HAD DONE THE uniform MODULE THE course of instruction before AND WAS WILLING TO LET EMMA LOOK AT HER ESSAYS BUT INSISTED THAT SHE SHOULD NOT COPY ANY OF IT.EMMA COPIED A LARGE egg OF ONE OF THEM BECAUSE SHE DID NOT UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT AND ALTERED A FEW WORDS HERE AND THERE. UNFORTUNATELY FOR HER, SHE DID NOT NOTICE THE FONT WAS DIFFERENT ON THE COPIED CHUNK AND HER PLAGIARISM WAS DETECTED. ANNA HAD WORK TO DO IN CHEMISTRY THAT SHE DID NOT UNDERSTAND.IT WAS ABOUT THE NATURE OF A PARTICULAR REACTION. SHE LOOKED ON THE INTERNET AND FOUND A put in OF WRITING THAT WAS EXACTLY WHAT SHE NEEDED AND CUT AND PASTED IT, ADDING A FEW WORDS OF INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION.ANTONIO PHONED blank space TO HIS FRIEND FOR HELP WITH AN ASSIGNMENT IN civic ENGINEERING. HIS FRIEND FOUND A PIECE OF WRITING IN SPANISH. ANTONIO HAD IT TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL AND SUBMITTED THAT. BILLIE FOUND THAT AN OLD TEXTBOOK ON MODERN HISTORY AT HIS HOME THAT SAID EXACTLY WHAT HE NEEDED TO SAY IN AN ESSAY. HE COPIED IT. THE CHANGE IN STYLE WAS NOTICED BY HIS TUTOR, WHO CHALLENGED HIM.COLLUSION IS A FORM OF PLAGIARISM TOO. SOME EXAMPLES OF COLLUSION ARE JOANNE WAS STRUGGLING IN HER EDUCATION DEGREE. HER FRIEND WAS DOING A SIMILAR DEGREE AT ANOTHER UNIVERSITY. THEY DECIDED TO subscribe to THE SAME TOPIC FOR THEIR DISSERTATION AND TO WORK TOGETHER ON IT ASSUMING THAT THEY WOULD NOT BE FOUND OUT BECAUSE THEIR RESPECTIVE DISSERTATIONS WOULD NEVER BE SEEN TOGETHER.STUDENTS IN BUSINESS STUDIES WERE ASKED TO DEVELOP MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR A GIVEN PRODUCT. THEY WERE TOLD THAT THEY SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO DO THE NECESSARY RESEARCH AND TO DEVELOP A PRESENTATION, BUT THAT THEY SHOULDTHEN WORK ALONE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE WRITTEN WORK THAT THEY WOULD HAND IN. KAY WAS IN ONE OF THE GROUPS. SHE HAD NOT DONE HER FAIR SHARE OF THE INITIAL RESEARCH, AND WHEN IT CAME TO THE WRITTEN WORK SHE ASKED ONE OF HER GROUP TO HELP HER. THE COLLEAGUE LEANT KAY HIS COMPLETED WRITTEN WORK, AND SHE COPIED IT, THEN WROTE HER ACCOUNT, VERY HEAVILY BASED ON HIS. SHE SHOWED HIM HER VERY SIMILAR ACCOUNT BEFORE SHE HANDED IT IN AND THANKED HIM BEFORE HE COULD OBJECT. BOTH OF THEM WE RE DEEMED TO HAVE COLLUDED.5 THE DEFINITION OF COLLUSION STARTS THE SAME AS FOR PLAGIARISM. COLLUSION IS THEPASSING OFF OF ANOTHERS WORK AS ONES OWN FOR ONES OWN BENEFIT AND IN ORDER TO DECEIVE ANOTHER.HOWEVER, IT GOES ON TO SAY THAT WHILE IN THE USUAL DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM, THE OWNER OF THE WORK DOES NOT KNOWINGLY ALLOW THE USE OF HER WORK, IN A CASE OF COLLUSION, THE OWNER OF THE WORK KNOWS OF ITS USE AND WORKS WITH THE OTHER TOWARDS DECEPTION OF A THIRD PARTY. ON OCCASIONS, TWO PEOPLE top executive COLLUDE IN PLAGIARISING ANOTHER PIECE OF WORK. WHEN WE arrange COLLUSION, WE NEED TO BE CLEAR WHERE THE BOUNDARIES OF UNACCEPTABLE AND ACCEPTABLE CO-OPERATIVE OR COLLABORATIVE WORK ARE.CO-OPERATION IS SEEN AS OPENLY WORKING WITH ANOTHER OR OTHERS FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT WITH NO DECEPTION OF THE OTHER(S) INVOLVED. CO-OPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR IS A COMMON AND IS USUALLY WELCOMED PRACTICE IN HIGHER EDUCATION. RESEARCH TEAMS RELY ON IT. OFTEN YOU WILL BE TOLD THAT YOU SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO THE POINT OF WRITING UP AN ASSIGNMENT, AND THEN WRITE IT UP SEPARATELY. HOWEVER, THERE MAY BE LOCAL RULES OR DESIGNATIONS OF ACCEPTABLE PRACTICE AND OCCASIONALLY VOCABULARY USE WITH REGARD TO COLLUSION, COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION MAY VARY.IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIND OUT FROM YOUR TUTORS JUST WHAT ISEXPECTED IN YOUR LOCAL CONTEXT. WHAT IS ACCEPTABLE MAY DIFFER FROM ASSIGNMENT TO ASSIGNMENT. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT ON OCCASIONS YOU WILL BE ASKED TO WORK JOINTLY ON A PIECE OF WRITING AND CLEARLY, THAT IS ALL RIGHT. RATHER THAN TALKING IN THE NEGATIVE ABOUT THE AVOIDANCE OF COLLUSION OR PLAGIARISM, IT IS USEFUL TO USE THE IDEA OF WORKING WITH ACADEMIC HONESTY. ACADEMIC HONESTY IS WHERE YOU UNDERSTAND ACADEMIC CONVENTIONS AND WORK WITHIN THEM. IN THIS INDEPENDENT STUDY UNIT, WE PUT THE STRESS ON PLAGIARISM. THIS IS BECAUSE PLAGIARISM TAKES MORE EFFORT IN UNDERSTANDING THAN OTHER FORMS OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT.THIS IS NOT BECAUSE PLAGIARISM IS NECESSARILY MORE SERIOUS. THE FABRICATION OF DATA OR MAKING UP OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS CAN BE FAR MORE SERIOUS AND HAVE FAR GREATER CONSEQUENCES THAN PLAGIARISM. SO THAT YOU CAN RETURN TO THIS MATERIAL EASILY ON FUTURE OCCASIONS, WE GATHER UP THESE IDEAS AS A SERIES OF DEFINITIONS AND PUT THEM INTO A GLOSSARY IN APPENDIX 1 OF THIS UNIT.Exercise 1 Thinking that you know about plagiarization does not meanspirited that you can always decide what is right YOU HAVE NOW LOOKED AT THE EXPLANATIONS OF ACADEMIC HONESTY AND MISCONDUCT AND HAVE READ ABOUT THE JUSTIFICATION FOR CITATION.IT IS TIME TO TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING. YOU WILL FIND, IN THE NEXT EXERCISE, THAT THINKING THAT YOU KNOW WHAT PLAGIARISM IS MAY NOT MEAN THAT YOU ACTUALLY KNOW WHAT IT IS WHEN IT COMES TO THE DISTINCTIONS OF RIGHT AND WRONG IN YOUR WORK OR THE WORK OF ANOTHER. SOME 6 OF THE EXAMPLES ARE PLAGIARISM, SOME ARE COLLUSION, SOME ARE CHEATING AND SOME ARE ALL RIGHT. mobilise THAT PLAGIARISM OCCURS WHEN THE WORK OF SOMEONE ELSE IS PRESENTED AS ONES OWN AND IS NOT ATTRIBUT ED TO THE OTHER. ONE OF THE THREE ANSWERS GIVEN (A, B AND C) IS CLOSEST TO THE ANSWER. THE ANSWERS ARE AT THE END OF THE UNIT. 1.JOE HAS AN ESSAY TO PREPARE. HE METICULOUSLY READS BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY, BUT IS NOT SURE FROM WHICH TEXT THE IDEAS HAVE COME, AND WHICH IDEAS WERE HIS OWN. HE LISTS THE RANGE OF BOOKS HE THINKS HE utilize IN HIS advert LIST. a) non plagiarism but he should have cited the books in the text b) Plagiarism he should have cited the books in the text c) Not a problem he cited the books in the reference list 2.JAYNE DOES NOT KNOW HOW TO GET STARTED WITH AN ESSAY SHE IS IN HER FIRST SEMESTER. SHE DELAYS STARTING IT AND THEN PANICS AND HER FRIEND SHOWS HER HOW SHE CAN BUY AN ESSAY FROM A PAPER MILL WEBSITE.SHE BUYS ONE AND SUBMITS IT (ONLY THIS TIME SHE SAYS). a) This is not all right but it is cheating, not plagiarism b) Plagiarism and it is not all right c) Plagiarism but it is all right at this stage, but not later in the programme 3. terry AND FRAN LIVE IN THE SAME HOUSE. THEY ARE ON THE SAME COURSE AND HENCE HAVE TO PUT IN THE SAME ASSIGNMENTS.FRAN HAS DIFFICULTIES WITH WRITING BUT SHE rightfully WANTS TO DO WELL IN HER DEGREE. TERRY WOULD LIKE TO GET TO KNOW FRAN BETTER AND SEES THIS AS A WAY OF INCREASING THEIR FRIENDSHIP. HE SUGGESTS THAT SINCE THE CLASS IS LARGE, THEY COULD PUT IN THE SAME ESSAY AND NO-ONEWOULD NOTICE AND IN THIS WAY HE HELPS OUT FRAN, WHO IS VERY GRATEFUL. a) Fran colluded. Terry did not. b) Terry colluded and Fran did not c) They colluded.4. MIKE USES THE LIBRARY TO FIND THE RELEVANT LITERATURE TO THE ESSAY THAT HE HAS TO WRITE, THEN, USING ONE OF THE ESSAY SITES, BUYS A SIMILAR ESSAY AND INTEGRATES INTO IT THE MATERIAL THAT HE HAS READ. a) It is certain that Mike lift b) Mike did not plagiarise if he cited the sources and paraphrased appropriately c) Mike has plagiarise because he bought the essay 5. MALACHY FOUND THAT HER FRIEND, WHO HAD DONE THE MODULE LAST YEAR, HAD DONE THE SAME EXPERIMENT.HER FRIE ND SUGGESTED THAT MALACHY COULD READ THROUGH 7 WHAT SHE HAD WRITTEN BUT SHE WARNED HER NOT TO COPY IT AS THAT WOULD BE COLLUSION. WITHOUT HER FRIEND KNOWING, MALACHY DID COPY PART OF IT AND PRESENTED IT AS HER OWN. a) Malachy plagiarised her friends work b) Malachy and her friend colluded c) Malachy and her friend plagiarised 6. DAMION FINDS THAT AN ESSAY THAT HE HAS DONE IN SCHOOL IS VERY SIMILAR TO ONE HE HAS TO WRITE AT UNIVERSITY.HE USES HIS SCHOOL ESSAY BUT UNFORTUNATELY HE DOES NOT HAVE THE seedS PROPERLY RECORDED. HE HAS NAMES CITED IN THE TEXT, BUT NOT DETAILS OF THE SOURCES. HE MAKES UP ONE OR TWO AND THINKS THATHIS TUTOR WILL PROBABLY NOT WORRY ABOUT THE REST. a) Because it was school work from a different place, it was all right b) It was all right because it had already been marked c) Damion plagiarised 7. SUE IS A LECTURER.SHE GIVES A LECTURE TO FIRST YEAR STUDENTS ON CELL BIOLOGY AND TALKS A LOT ABOUT CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH, BUT DOES NOT GIVE THE REFERENCE S TO THE RESEARCH IN THE LECTURE OR ON HANDOUTS. a) Technically Sue plagiarised b) It is all right. If this had been written work, Sue should have cited correctly but it was oral c) It is all right not to cite if your ar a teacher / lecturer in the process of teaching.8. TIM AND OONAGH ARE WORKING ON THE SAME ESSAY FOR THEOLOGY. OONAGH FINDS A GOOD WEBSITE THAT IS VERY HELPFUL. IT PROVIDES GOOD MATERIAL ON THE SUBJECT ON WHICH THEY ARE WRITING. SHE TELLS TIM ABOUT IT. THEY BOTH DOWNLOAD CHUNKS OF IT. OONAGH CUTS AND PASTES INTO HER ESSAY AND PUTS A REFERENCE TO THE SITE IN HER REFERENCE LIST. TIM PARAPHRASES FROM THE MATERIAL, ACKNOWLEDGES IT IN THE TEXT AND IN HIS REFERENCE LIST. THE TUTOR WOULD NOT HAVE NOTICED THE SIMILAR MATERIAL BUT FOR THE FACT THAT THE TWO ESSAYS WERE ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER IN THE PILE. a) Tim and Oonagh colluded b) Tim and Oonagh plagiarised.c) Only one of them plagiarised 9. IN STATISTICS, GEMMA HAS A PROJECT THAT INVOLVES USE OF A QUESTIONNAIRE TO FIND O UT WHAT TELEVISION PROGRAMMES HER FRIENDS WATCH AT A PARTICULAR TIME IN THE EVENING. THIS WILL GENERATE DATA FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. SHE IS ILL FOR A FEW DAYS AND IS RUNNING LATE. SHE MAKES UP SOME OF THE RESPONSES AND USES THEM. a) Gemma plagiarised 8 b) Gemma cheated c) Gemma colluded 10. HARRY INTEGRATES INTO HIS ESSAY, A CHUNK OF HANDOUT MATERIAL FROM HIS LAST YEARS WORK. HE ALTERS SOME WORDS TO FIT BETTER AND SPLITS THE MATERIAL WITH TWO SECTIONS OF HIS OWN WRITING. a) Harry plagiarised.b) It is all right to quote from handout real(a) without citation c) It would have been all right if Harry had rewritten it more in his own words 11. JAMIE HAS AN ESSAY TO WRITE IN PHILOSOPHY. HE IS NOT VERY GOOD AT WRITING AND HAS DEVELOPED A STYLE WHEREBY HE COPIES DOWN APPROPRIATE QUOTATIONS (CITING THEM APPROPRIATELY) AND THEN PARAPHRASES THE CONTENT OF THE QUOTATION IN THE NEXT PARAGRAPH AS A KIND OF SUMMARY, STEERING THE MEANING TOWARDS ANOTHER QUOTATION AND SO ON. a) So long as Jamie p araphrases appropriately, he is not doing anything wrong b) Jamie is plagiarising c) Jamie should be using appropriate methods of referencing12. FOR SOPHIA, ENGLISH IS A SECOND LANGUAGE. SHE WANTS TO SUCCEED AND GOES TO A FRIEND WHO SPEAKS BETTER ENGLISH. HER FRIEND GOES THROUGH HER WHOLE ESSAY, CORRECTING THE LANGUAGE ALL THE WAY THROUGH. a) What Sophia is doing is understandable. It is all right b) What Sophia and her friend are doing is not all right. It is a form of collusion c) What Sophia is doing is not all right. It is cheating 13. BILLIE, ED AND JAKE LIVE ARE FOLLOWING THE SAME MODULE. THEY HAVE A PIECE OF WORK TO DO AND GET TOGETHER TO DISCUSS IT. THEY TALK ABOUT THE CONTENT AND DECIDE EACH TO FOLLOW UP TWO REFERENCES AND THEN TO MEET AGAIN TO TALK ABOUT.WHAT THEY HAVE FOUND. THIS REDUCES THE VOLUME OF READING THEY WILL HAVE TO DO. THEY MEET AGAIN, LISTEN TO EACH OTHERS DESCRIPTIONS AND WRITE NOTES AND THEN WRITE THE ESSAY SEPARATELY. THEY REFERENCE THE MATERIAL, WHETHER I T IS WHAT THEY HAVE READ OR WHAT THEY HAVE HEARD DESCRIBED. a) Billie, Ed and Jake are colluding b) They are not doing anything wrong if co-operative study is acceptable to the tutor c) Billie, Ed and Jake are deceiving their tutor and therefore cheating 14. LUI FINDS SOME INFORMATION AT A WEBSITE THAT SAYS EXACTLY WHAT HE WANTS TO SAY. IT IS SIX LINES OF TEXT WHICH HE PUTS INTO QUOTATION MARKS.HE CUTS AND PASTES IT BUT BY MISTAKE LEAVES THE ORIGINAL FONT. HE CITES IT IN THE TEXT AND PUTS THE WEBSITE take aim IN THE REFERENCE LIST WITH THE DATE OF ACCESS. HIS TUTOR CALLS HIM IN 9 a) Lui cheated b) He plagiarised c) What Lui did is all right. 15. CHARLIE KNOWS A REALLY GOOD WEBSITE THAT WILL HELP HIM A GREAT DEAL IN THE PROJECT WORK THAT HIS HAS BEEN SET. HE IS WORKING IN A TEAM, BUT THE WORK THAT THE TEAM DOES MUST BE WRITTEN UP SEPARATELY. INITIALLY HE MENTIONS THE WEBSITE, BUT GIVES NO ADDRESS AND THEN REALISES THAT HE WOULD PREFER TO USE IT AS A REFERENCE FOR HIS INDIVIDUAL WOR K.WHEN THE OTHERS ASK FOR DETAILS OF THE SITE, HE IS VAGUE AND THEN GIVES THE WRONG WEB ADDRESS TO THEM. a) Charlie is rightly not colluding with his team b) Charlie is not working co-operatively in his team c) Charlie is plagiarising and it is just as well he did not pass on the learning 16. AARON IS WRITING UP A REPORT. HE FINDS A TEXT BOOK THAT IS NOT THE ONE USED IN CLASS AND USES IT TO GET oft OF THE INFORMATION THAT HE REQUIRES. HE REFERS TO THE WORK OF JONDA (1998) THAT IS DESCRIBED AND REFERENCED IN THE TEXTBOOK. ARON CITES JONDA IN THE TEXT AND THEN REFERENCES IT TO THE TEXT BOOK IN HIS LIST OF REFERENCES.a) Aaron is behaving with academician honesty, his citations are fine b) Aaron is technically plariarising he should have cited the original source, not the textbook c) Aaron is colluding with the writer of the textbook 17. TOM FINDS A HELPFUL ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL. HE PHOTOCOPIES IT AND COPIES FROM IT INTO HIS ESSAY, ALTERNATING SENTENCES OF THE ARTICLE WITH HIS OWN W ORDS, AND NEVER COPYING MORE THAN A LINE WITHOUT ADDING HIS OWN WORDS OR ALTERING WORDS FROM THE TEXT. HE CITES THE ARTICLE IN HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY, BUT NOT IN THE TEXT BECAUSE HE DOES NOT FEEL THAT HE MAKES A SUFFICIENTLY SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO IT. a) gobbler is cheating.b) Tom is plagiarising c) Tom is writing a good essay. He has properly cited the reference in his bibliography 18. AMY OMITS TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE MATERIAL THAT SHE HAS QUOTED. IT WAS A MISTAKE. a) Amy made a skid and because she is a first year that is all right b) Amy plagiarised. c) Amy did not plagiarise because not referencing was unintentional 10 Exercise 2 What reasons do students give for academic misconduct? THINK OF FIVE EXCUSES THAT STUDENTS MIGHT MAKE FOR PLAGIARISING, COLLUDING OR CHEATING. SOME EXCUSES ARE UNDERSTANDABLE BUT THEY ARE AGAINST THE ACADEMIC CONVENTIONS THAT WE MAINTAIN WITHIN AN ACADEMIC COMMUNITY.THERE IS A LIST OF POSSIBLE RESPONSES AT THE END OF THE UNIT THOUGH YOU MAY HAVE THOUGH OF OTHER S. The further information and skills that you need for academic honesty WE HAVE SAID THAT YOU NEED SOME INFORMATION, A SET OF SKILLS AND ASSOCIATED GOOD HABITS FOR YOUR ACADEMIC WORK. WE HAVE DESCRIBED ABOVE THE BASICS OF WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT, PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION BUT BEFORE WE LOOK AT THE SKILLS AND GOOD HABITS, THERE IS MORE TO SAY ABOUT WHY WE REFERENCE MATERIAL (REMEMBER REFERENCING, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND CITATION MEAN THE SAME THING). Further reasons for referencing.WE SAID ABOVE THAT WHEN WE USE THE IDEA OF ANOTHER, WE REFERENCE IT AND INDICATE THE SOURCE OF IT. IN legal injury OF PLAGIARISM, THIS IS IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE THAT IT IS AN IDEA THAT WAS GENERATED BY ANOTHER PERSON AND TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT PERSON FOR THE IDEA. HOWEVER IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO REFERENCE AN IDEA IN ORDER TO SHOW ANOTHER PERSON HOW TO FIND THAT IDEA SHOULD S/HE WANT TO SEEK READ MORE OF IT. IN ACADEMIC WRITING, IN ORDER TO FURTHER YOUR OWN THINKING, IT IS USUAL TO FOLLO W UP REFERENCES THAT SOMEONE ELSE HAS GIVEN IN THEIR REFERENCE LIST. SEEKING AND FINDING INFORMATION BECOMES A KIND OF TRAIL.SO A SECOND REASON FOR REFERENCING IS TO ENABLE OTHERS TO FIND THE IDEAS FOR THEMSELVES IN ORDER TO SEEK MORE INFORMATION. THE THIRD REASON FOR REFERENCING IS SO THAT ANYONE READING YOUR WORK (SUCH AS A TUTOR) CAN SEE HOW YOUR THINKING HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. WHEN YOU DO ACADEMIC WRITING YOU WORK WITH YOUR OWN IDEAS AND THOSE OF OTHERS IN ORDER TO RESPOND TO THE TASK SET. IT IS NOT USUALLY JUST A MATTER OF WRITE AS MUCH AS YOU CAN ABOUT(SOMETHING) IN HIGHER EDUCATION, BUT THE QUESTION OR TASK WILL REQUIRE YOU TO MANIPULATE WHAT YOU KNOW TO EXPLAIN, TO COMPARE OR COMPARE AND CONTRAST AND SO ON.WHEN YOU USE THE IDEAS OF OTHERS, IT IS IMPORTANT FOR YOUR TUTOR TO BE ABLE TO SEE HOW MUCH YOU HAVE READ, WHAT YOU HAVE READ AND HOW YOU HAVE USED AND MANIPULATED THE IDEAS IN ORDER TO MEET THE TASK SET IN THE ASSIGNMENT.LOOKING AT A REFERENCE LIST FOR THIS PURPOSE IS A FOR M OF EVALUATION 11 YOU MAY THINK THAT SUCH EVALUATION ONLY HAPPENS WHEN YOU ARE A STUDENT. THIS IS NOT THE CASE. ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH WRITING IN JOURNALS AND BOOKS IS ALSO SUBJECTED TO EVALUATION THIS TIME BY PEERS. SUCH RESEARCH WRITING USUALLY DEVELOPS NEW KNOWLEDGE. ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THIS NEW KNOWLEDGE CAN BE.JUDGED BY THOSE WHO MIGHT USE IT, IS BY LOOKING AT THE LIST OF REFERENCES TO SEE WHAT KIND OF IDEAS HAVE FORMED THE BASIS TO THE NEW KNOWLEDGE. SOMETIMES THIS BASIS IS IN THE FORM OF WHAT WE WOULD CALL EVIDENCE. MANY ACADEMICS WILL TURN TO THE REFERENCE LIST AS SOON AS THEY ARE GIVEN SOMETHING TO READ IN ORDER TO SEE WHAT WORK THIS IS BASED ON.What do you not have to reference? NOT ALL IDEAS ARE CONSIDERED TO BELONG TO OTHERS. MOST OF WHAT WE KNOW IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE. THIS IS KNOWLEDGE THAT IS IN EVERYDAY USE, OR IS IN THE COMMON DOMAIN OR IT IS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WHICH WE COULD SAY THAT MOST PEOPLE.AGREE. IT IS THE SORT OF KNOWLEDGE THAT IS FOUND IN REFERENCE BOOKS IN ENCYCLOPEDIAS OR DICTIONARIES. WE DO NOT NEED TO REFERENCE COMMON KNOWLEDGE, THOUGH USUALLY, IF YOU DO TAKE A DEFINITION FROM A DICTIONARY, YOU WILL CITE ITS SOURCE SO THAT OTHERS CAN FIND IT. WE DO NOT NEED TO REFERENCE IDEAS THAT ARE GENUINELY OUR OWN EITHER. IF THE IDEA IS ONE GENERATED BY YOU, BUT THAT YOU HAVE DESCRIBED IN YOUR OWN WORK ELSEWHERE, THEN IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO REFERENCE IT TO THE FIRST OCCASION ON WHICH IT HAS BEEN USED (IE TO YOUR OWN NAME). THIS MAY BE MAINLY SO THAT OTHERS CAN FIND IT FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES.THE RULES ABOUT CITATION OF LECTURE AND HANDOUT MATERIAL ARE MORE FUZZY TECHNICALLY YOU SHOULD SAY WHERE YOU HEARD ABOUT AN IDEA AS MUCH AS WHERE YOU READ ABOUT IT. HOWEVER, SOMETIMES THAT WOULD GET RIDICULOUS. IMAGINE HOW YOU WOULD MANAGE A QUESTION IN AN EXAM THAT ASKS YOU TO DESCRIBE SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN THE LECTURE.IT COULD BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. YOU NEED TO ASK YOUR LECTURERS AND TUTORS WHAT PRACTICE TO FOLLOW HERE. THEY MAY FEEL THAT YOU DO NOT NEED TO CITE LECTURES, BUT THAT YOU SHOULD CITE HANDOUT MATERIAL AND THEY MAY NOT ALL AGREE ON THE SAME RESPONSE.IN ALL OF THIS YOU MAY NOT ALWAYS BE SURE WHETHER OR NOT TO CITE. A RULE BY WHICH TO WORK IS IF IN DOUBT, CITE SO TO SUMMARISE THERE ARE AT LEAST THREE REASONS WHY WE REFERENCE MATERIAL -TO DEMONSTRATE THAT WE HAVE USED ANOTHERS IDEA -TO SHOW ANOTHER WHERE TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE IDEAS USED -TO ALLOW ANOTHER TO appreciate THE QUALITY OF OUR REASONING.The skills that you need 12 IN TERMS OF SKILLS, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO -DIFFERENTIATE MATERIAL THAT NEEDS CITATION FROM THAT THAT DOES NOT NEED CITATION -USE IN-TEXT REFERENCING -WRITE AN APPROPRIATE REFERENCE LIST AND UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE.BETWEEN THIS AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY -DEVELOP GOOD HABITS OF RECORD-KEEPING -WORK APPROPRIATELY WITH QUOTATIONS -MANAGE THE PRESENTATION OF OTHERS IDEAS IN WRITTEN WORK. (THE LIST IS MODIFIED FROM CARROLL, 2002)The ability to differentiate material that needs attribu tion from that that does not need attribution YOU NEED TO KNOW AND TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN WHAT DOES AND DOES NOT REQUIRE CITATION THE FOLLOWING DO NOT NEED TO BE CITED -COMMON KNOWLEDGE WHICH WE HAVE DEFINED AS THAT IN EVERYDAY USE, IN THE COMMON DOMAIN -FACTS THAT ARE primarily AGREED, OR THAT ARE COMMON TO A VARIETY OF SOURCES-PERSONAL IDEAS, SUGGESTIONS ETC. THE FOLLOWING NEED TO BE CITED -DIRECT QUOTATIONS -REFERENCES TO OTHERS IDEAS EXPRESSED ORALLY OR ON PAPER OR WEB-BASED MATERIALS ETC -REFERENCES TO A REFERENCE ALREADY CITED BY ANOTHER IN A TEXT -PARAPHRASES, PRECIS AND SUMMARIES OF OTHERS QUOTATIONS OR IDEAS -OTHERS STATISTICS, FIGURES, CHARTS, TABLES, PICTURES GRAPHS ETC-REFERENCES TO MATERIAL WITHIN AN EDITED TEXT. CLEARLY IT REQUIRES JUDGEMENT TO DECIDE WHAT DOES AND DOES NOT NEED TO BE CITED AND IF IN DOUBT, CITE Use of in-text referencing THIS IS A MATTER OF UNDERSTANDING HOW TO CITE IN TEXT AND HOW TO CONSTRUCT AREFERENCE LIST. THERE ARE DIFFERENT CONVE NTIONS, AND SOMETIMES THERE ARE VARIABLE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE CONVENTION fasten onED. SOME USE REFERENCE LISTS AT THE END OF THE TEXT, SOME WORK WITH FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES THAT ARE LINKED FROM THE TEXT BY NUMBER OR LETTER. 13 E. G. (1) OR (A).IN THESE CASES, THE DETAILS OF NAME, DATE AND SOURCE ARE EITHER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE OR LISTED BY NUMBER OR LETTER SEQUENCE AT THE END OF THE ARTICLE OR BOOK. REFERENCES MAY BE MIXED WITH NOTES. HARVARD IS A VERY COMMON SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS. E. G. IN THE HARVARD SYSTEM THE NAME AND DATE IS PUT IN THE TEXT (E. G.DIPPIDY, 1999) AND IN THE REFERENCE LIST AT THE END OF THE ARTICLE OR THE BOOK, THE REFERENCES ARE LISTED ALPHABETICALLY WITH THE FURTHER DETAILS OF SOURCE.DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES TEND TO ADOPT DIFFERENT CONVENTIONS, AND ACADEMIC JOURNALS AND PUBLISHERS OFTEN DIFFER IN THE CONVENTIONS ADOPTED, SO YOU WILL COME ACROSS DIFFERENT STYLES IN YOUR READING. USUALLY IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES, YOU WILL BE TOLD TO WORK TO A PARTICULAR CONVENTION BUT YOU MAY NEED TO LEARN TO BE MORE FLEXIBLE. IT IS NOT WORTH REBELLING IN THIS MATTER.THERE ARE USUALLY HANDOUTS OR BOOKLETS THAT PROVIDE ILLUSTRATION OF THIS. IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT SYSTEM OF REFERENCING TOUSE, ASK. MAKE SURE THAT WITHIN THE SYSTEM YOU USE, YOU KNOW HOW TO DEAL WITH THE FOLLOWING QUOTATIONS (SEE BELOW ALSO) DIRECT REFERENCES TO WRITTEN AND SPOKEN WORD REFERENCES CITED WITHIN ANOTHER TEXT TO WHICH YOU WANT TO REFER PARAPHRASES OR SUMMARIES OF OTHERS IDEAS THE CITATION OF STATISTICS AND FIGURATIVE MATERIAL REFERENCES WITHIN EDITED TEXTS, WEB-BASED MATERIALS, CD-ROMS. THERE MAY BE OTHER SOURCES THAT YOU WANT TO CITE. YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW ALL THIS BY HEART, BUT HAVE ACCESS TO A GOOD GUIDE TO REFERENCING AS YOU WORK AND MAKE SURE THAT IT USES THE APPROPRIATE STYLE.IF YOUR FEEL THAT YOUR GUIDE-BOOK ISNOT HELPFUL, LOOK AT STUDY SKILLS BOOKS OR LOOK ON THE WEB FOR THE SYSTEM YOU NEED. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES OFTEN HAVE USEFUL MATERIAL The layout of a reference list and its distinction from a bibliography A REFERENCE LIST IS A LIST OF THE REFERENCES TO WHICH YOU HAVE REFERRED IN YOUR TEXT.A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A REFERENCE LIST TO WHICH IS ADDED ANY EXTRA MATERIAL THAT MIGHT PROVIDE GENERAL OR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE TOPIC. IN ACADEMIC WORK, MOSTLY IT WILL BE REFERENCE LISTS WITH WHICH YOU WORK.

Main Causes of Water Pollution

Main Causes of Water PollutionThe weewee pollution in Malaysia is originated from point sources and non-point sources. Point sources that have been identified include cloaca treatment plants, manufacturing and agro-based industries and animal farms. Non-point sources ar mainly diffused ones much(prenominal) as agricultural activities and surface runoffs. According to Malaysia milieu Quality Report 2004, the Department of Environment has recorded 17,991 wet pollution point sources in 2004 comprising mainly sewerage treatment plants (54%), manufacturing industries (38%), animal farms (5%) and agro-based industries (3%). Another main cause of water pollution encountered global is oil spills. About 29 million gallons of petroleum enters the oceans off North America each year, shows a new study by the National interrogation Council.Water pollution can be classified according to the nature of pollutants, the sources releasing them and the water bodies into which they ar discharg ed. Water pollution is measured by the meanness of pollutants in the water body and their personal effects on other water uses. Six categories of pollutants are recognized -Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses and protozoa, usually from human sewage. As pathogen numbers game increase, so does the risk to human health.Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( mannequin) is created by organic wastes decaying in the water body. Major sources of BOD are pulp and paper mills and municipal sewage. If dissolved oxygen is depressed to zero, all fish die and anaerobic decomposition generates noxious gases.Nutrients Nutrients, oddly nitrogen and phosphorus, enrich waters and accelerate the aging of lakes and streams (eutrophication). The resultant rich plant issue often prohibits recreational activities, and plankton blooms depress oxygen aims. Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage and urban and agricultural runoff.Toxic Materials Toxic mate rials can affect the health of aquatic organisms and their consumers, and of those drinking contaminated waters. Toxicants include heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polycyclic smelling(p) hydrocarbons and phthalates. They originate from many sources as a result of the large quantities of chemicals used in industries. Mixtures of toxic materials can be toxic even if their individual concentrations are below lethally toxic levels. Oil pollutants are toxic and may also smother aquatic organisms and cause the death of birds, attracted by the appearance of calm water, by destroying the waterproofing properties of their plumage.Acidification Acidification, particularly of lakes, results from precipitation of sulphur and nitrogen oxides emitted by industries and automobiles. Acidification, particularly of lakes, results from precipitation of sulphur and nitrogen oxides emitted by industries and automobiles. Acid rock drainage, the leach water from waste rock produced from mining or es containing sulphide minerals, causes acidification of surface and ground water.Temperature Changes Temperature changes from waste heat discharges can cause pollution when their elevation reduces dissolved-oxygen levels, accelerates eutrophication, affects ecological processes and blocks migration paths of fishes.Effect of water pollutionEffects on EcosystemBesides the inorganic nutrient input, with the inflow of the waste water most of them from factory, decomposition of organic wastes in river, plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates will takes place. This process will promotes the growth of oxygen consuming algae (algal bloom), especially the blue-green algae which produce cynotoxics can cause insobriety to humans and animals. The growth of oxygen consuming algae, which deoxygenates water mostly kill the nearest fish and other animals is referred to as eutrophication. Addition of oxygen not decent to support life.Effects on Human HealthNitrate polluted water can caus e incidence of tumours and ulcers. Contact with pollutants can cause pare down disorders due. Water pollution also causing increased case of constipation, diarrhoea and infections to intestine. It also has dangerous effects on growing foetus in significant women. Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness. One of the biggest threats for the developing countries is the disease caused by polluted water cholera caused by drinking water to Malaria where mosquitoes breed on polluted stagnant water. Regular intake of polluted water may cause sclerosis, skin legions, and problems in blood circulation, mineral deposits in bones, certain cancers and disease of the nervous system. Reduced activity of immune system. Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis will be more prevalent due to water pollution.Diseases caused by water pollution are the major cause of human death across the world. Such toxic material travels up the food chain and effects human through the fish and meat that we eat .Contaminated water causes the food source and plant life to be destroyed , this inversely effects the climatical and environmental properties required for human survival.Improvement of Water Qualitya) Primary treatment mechanical screening and sedimentation of undissolved solids in raw sewage is done. But it fails to remove dissolve substance in this liquid.b) Secondary treatment Sewage treated- the primary treatment is brought in contact with agent such as oxygen and aerobic micro-organisms. They will break down the organic matter(can be harmfull) into harmless materials as H2O and CO2. Furthermore, chlorination is carried out to reduce the bacteria.Further treated to tertiary level zero measures are adopted for secondary treatment -i) Trickling filter method like the filter of mineral water,sewage water passes through a thick kip down of gravel stones(large stone) so that bacteria will consume most of the organic matter.ii) Activated sludge process in this stage,the sewage water is pumped into an aeration tank car. This tank contains sludge which consisting of bacteria and algae. The bacteria is able to decompose almost all of the organic matter and algae will undergo photosinthesis and produces oxygen to promote the growth of these decomposers.c) Reverse osmosisWays to Help Overcome Water PollutionWater remains one of our most important primary resources, vital to our survival on Earth, yet water pollution is happenning. It is serious. How can we avoid and possibly stop it? Ignorance is the main factor. Knowledge on how to preventing water pollution and its effects to our health should be spread to community. Tighter laws should be legislated and existing laws can be improved to curb illegal dumping of trash and poisonous chemical wastes into water sources.Moreover, waste materials should be disposed off properly. Faeces have to be sent to treatment tanks. Industrial wastes should be treated before disposal, to make sure t he substances are harmless.Daily rest home rubbish can be buried or thrown away neatly in plastic bags, to be sent to special rubbish aggregation areas. Increase the campaign of recycle. Excess use of insecticides and chemical fertilizers should be avoided as far as possible. If you are using chemicals that may be harmful to the environment, computer memory them correctly. Improperly stored chemicals can slowly sweep into the groundwater system, to avoid groundwater contamination,so keep them in tightly sealed containers, inside of structures with cement floors.

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt PsychologyJohn B. Watson (1878 1958) was cognize as the father of sortism. Watson did not believe that the definition of psychology was the acquisition of the mind. He believed that psychology should be viewed as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science and that the goal of the psychologist is not to understand the mind but to understand behavior. (Wozniak, 1997) Watsons studied behavioristic psychology in neonates at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore. Hothersall stated that Watson open that there were three main classes of emotional responses that were distinguishable in human neonates upkeep, rage, and love. These emotions were elicited by a set of certain stimuli. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 471 472) Watson also conducted experiment and believed that squirtren should be unplowed on a very strict schedule. He believed that children should not be hugged, kissed, and that they should be treated as little adults. ( Wozniak, 1997) Watson began look into with a child named Albert who was a child of one of the nurses in the Hospital. Albert was chosen because of his temperament. Watson wanted to study conditioning behavior of affright in a child. He wanted to memorise if a child could be conditioned to fear, the reconditioned to resolve tat same fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 472) Watsons behavior conditioning of fear was a success and was a widely known research project. He had now proved that fear can be acquired through conditioning and that most fear was probably acquired through a invariable exposure. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 474) Albert was removed from the program by his mother before he could be reconditioned to not fear the animals that he were conditioned to fear. Eventually, Watson disc all overed a new submit whose fears were actually similar to little Alberts fears. Watson and his confederate Jones began to use conditioning methods on Peter to cure him of his fears. (Hothersall, 2004 , p. 477) Peters conditioning went from fear to indifference to him beingness fond of rabbits. Watson kept in touch with Peter and his family and Peter remained found of rabbits for quite some time after the direct conditioning had finished. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 478) later Watsons forced resignation from Johns Hopkins plane section of Psychology, he went to work in advertising. Because he understood advertising from a psychologist view, he was able to apply his behaviorist psychology to advertising and use behaviorism to sell products. He was able to use demographics surveys to target consumers. Watson was a very successful advertiser and was also the first to use radio effectively for advertising. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 476 477) Watson was a very successful advertiser but was never able to return to academics which was his love.2. Compare and Contrast the Little Albert and Peter sheath studies.Watsons study of children led him to the both case studies of fear in children. Wa tsons research with children began at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore in 1916. Adolf Meyer was sympathetic to Watsons behaviorism and allowed him to set up a research labo denounceory at the clinic where he studied child development. At Phipps he studied more than 500 infants. He studied their reflexes and emotional reactions. He believed that the newborns had a number of reflexes but only 3 main classes of emotional responses fear, rage, and love. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 471) Watson experimented with a normal developing baby at an invalid hospital whose mother was a nurse at the hospital. Watson wanted to see if he could condition the child to elicit a fear response. First he began to create a fear in the child by striking a pole with a hammer until the child became afraid of the live on. Once Little Albert was afraid of the sound, Watson paired the sound to an animal that Little Albert was not afraid of. Whenever Little Albert would reach for the animal, the experi menter would strike the pole with the hammer. At first, little Albert would pull away from the animal. By the third try to pair the animal with the sound, Little Albert would cry. Once he elicited the responses that Watson was hoping for, Watson would then engender to introduce more animals to see if Little Alberts fear would cross over from animal to the other. The experimenter would now introduce other animals and objects to Little Albert. Watson sure the results that he was looking for. Although Little Albert never finished the study, the Little Albert study is extremely authorised in psychology. The research conducted on Little Albert had a tremendous effect on the world. Watsons research and experiments continue to influence psychology and therapy. (Little Albert, 2009) Because Little Albert didnt complete the study, Watson was leftfield without a subject and without the result he was looking for in order to manifest that heap can also be conditioned to not fear. The cas e of Peter made it possible for the experiment to continue where Dr. Watson had left off. First Watson would have to condition Peter to not fear a stimulus. Once the fear of the stimuli was gone, he would have to test to see if the resolution of the fear of that stimulus had transferred to his fear of other stimuli. (Green, 2001) Peter was overly afraid of a white rat which transferred to a white rabbit, a fur coat, a feather, and cotton wool. Te begin unconditioning Peter, he was shown a white rat. When he was shown the rat while posing in the crib, he begins to cry. Afterwards, Peter was sat in a chair as he watched one of the experimenters handle the rat without fear. Peter was then piecemeal exposed to a white rabbit. Tolerance began with stage A bringing the rabbit into the room in a cage to stage F being free in the room to stage Q nibbling on Peters fingers. These degrees of toleration were represented in stages in which the improvement or tolerance occurred. Some things tha t the stages did not show was the set-backs that Peter experienced such as a sudden change or fear of the rabbit again or the longer time it would contribute to reach the next stage. (Green, 2001) Watson and Jones research and experiments with Peter found that the most effective method for overcoming fear was direct conditioning to that fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 477)3. What are the major tenants of Gestalt psychology as developed by Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka? How do their ideas oppose those of Watsons Behaviorism?Initially the three founders of Gestalt (meaning shape or form) Psychology, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler were all German Psychologist whose interest included perception, learning, occupation solving, and cognition. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 207)Max Wertheimer (1880 1943) was a young Jewish boy whose parents sent him to study at a Catholic Gymnasium. They also taught him Hebrew and the Torah while at home. His parents bought him the incarnate works of Baruch Spinoza, a philosopher. He attended the University of Prague where he studied law. He became interested in Psychology and studied under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. He received his Doctorial degree under Kulpe at the University of Wurzburg. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 208) Kurt Koffka (1886 1941) was born in Berlin and attended the University of Berlin and earned his PhD in 1909. Koffka had studied attempt phenomena under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. (Green, 2000) Wolfgang Kohler (1887 1967) was born in Reval and earned his PhD in 1909 at the University of Berlin under Stumpf. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209)As Rallman stated, Gestalt is the German word for form, and as it applied in Gestalt psychology it means unified whole or configuration. The essential point of gestalt is that in perception the whole is different from the sum of its parts. (Rallman, 2010) Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka began working together after Wertheimer consulted with Professor Schumann of th e Psychological Institute at the University of capital of Kentucky about some questions that he had. Wertheimer wanted to know where movement came from. His work with Kohler and Koffka led to phi phenomenon and the 4 principles of Gestalt Theory (Holistic Thinking, Phenomenological Basis, Methodology, and Isomorphism). (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209) Gestalt Psychology differed from Behaviorism because behaviorism was founded on the ideas that people can change their behaviors. Its basis is that the person can control the mind and their behavior. Gestalt psychology grew out of perceptual theories and its basis is looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 209-211) The basis of Gestalt Theory is that the form is always a constant. No matter how the sensation or surroundings change, the form remains constant. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 207 208)4. blueprint the major ideas of the Neo-Behaviorists Tolman, Guthrie, take away, and Skinner.Edward Chace Tolman (1886 1959) was a Psychologist born in Massachusetts and the brother of a famous Physicist. Tolman received his Bachelors from MIT, but didnt want to feel like he was pursuit in his brothers footsteps. He changed universities to Harvard University where he studied Philosophy and Psychology. He received his PhD in Psychology in 1915. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 487-488) Tolmans theory of Neo-behaviorism is rooted in Gestalt psychology and Behaviorism.Edwin light beam Guthrie (1886 1959) was an American Philosopher and Behaviorist Psychologist. Guthrie showed academic talent even as a young boy. Guthrie was a mathematics major at the University of Nebraska and received his know and PhD in Philosophy. (Hothersall, 2004, p 496) Guthries most important contribution to psychology was his theory of learning or what he called his point of view or his rudiments of a system of learning. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 498) In his book, The Psychology of Learning, he stated that the principle of contiguity in similar words a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement. (Hothersall, 2004, p 499-500) Guthries work played an important part in understanding all the processes that consequence place as people develop the knowledge and develop the skills which help them to interact successfully with the environment and with the people around them. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 499)Clark Leonard Hull (1884 1952) attended a one room school where he took all of the courses and taught there for a year. As a child he had a strong motivating to succeed. Because of his need to succeed, he spent long hours working and poring over. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 504) After taking a one year break due a typhoid infection, Hull entered the Alma College studying mining engineering. After his second year at Alma College, he has a severe attack of poliomyelitis which left one of his legs paralyzed. Because of his paralysis, Hull would not be able to have a successful career as a mining engineer and decided to study either religion or psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 504-505) Hull graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA degree and a year later he entered the University of Wisconsin where he was assigned as a research assistant to Joseph Jastrow. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 505) While Hulls work on aptitude and hypnosis was important, his attempt to develop a comprehensive behavior system was his most important contribution. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 506) His work was cited in the American Journal of Experimental Psychology more than any other Psychologist from 1949 1952. Hulls contributions were recognized by his colleagues and he attained the presidency of the American Psychological Association as well as being elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1936. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 513)Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904 1990) attended Hamilton College in Upstate New York and aspired to be a writer. After graduating, he set -up a study and spent a year trying to write. At the end of the year, he concluded that he had nothing to write and begin a new career. Skinner purchased Watsons books on Behaviorism. After Skinner read Pavlovs book, he decided that his future was in psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 515) He invented the operant conditioning house and developed his own philosophy of science. Skinners fundament behaviorism sought to understand reinforcement on behaviors. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 517 519) To Skinner, reinforcement is integral in the shaping of a persons behavior. Skinners radical behaviorism and operant conditioning is used in child rearing, teaching, and business now. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 524 528)

Network Management Roles In Growth Information Technology Essay

Network Management Roles In Growth Information Technology EssayThe stretch of computer technology these days be contributed to the growth of many dividing line corporations, especi whollyy computer vaneing (Vivki, 2010). on that point are three main goal of cyberspace guidance is to make operations more efficient, and operators more productive (Alexander, 2007). There is cost, quality and revenue (Alexander, 2007). I pull up stakes explain these goals further by utilise examples and information I take away found. I impart discuss the essay question by using some real life examples of company experiences that was modify by vane prudence, for example how the company gained benefits from network instruction and how the company loss revenue for having a bad network management and so on. I also will describe some network management official documents that help company to gain contrastive benefits and reduce cost. According to research, if network management is managed prop erly, it nominate be a positive demarcation asset (Jason, 2010).Computer network creates an easy and convenient way for employees and clients to communicate and make transaction between each other (Vicki, 2010). ground on research, with the growth of the earnings with/and good network management skills by the network administrator, the corporation will have higher detect to success or grow (Vivki, 2010). Based on the research I have d iodine, I agree that network management do play an beta key region in corporate business growth, and I realized that no business coffin nail do or success without technologies in this advanced time, particularly computer network and systems. Small and large companies are depending a lot on computer network communication to get things done red-hot and more reliable compared to the traditional method of doing things. As the rate of technology keeps changing in the business field, we will definitely see more changes by and by the next three yea rs than we have seen in the past ten.It is also impossible for organisations to grow if they have poor-performance of network management or poor-maintenance skills as well. In the real situation, every business is aimed towards growth, and network support is standing at the middle of those many factors leading to the progress of a business (Bryan, 2009). Today, network management has become a compulsory Information Technology(IT) system or department for every business corporation, beca practice session computer field, including network management as well, has expanded a great deal for organisations. This means that businesses will surely gain advantage or benefit from installing and understanding the latest network technology (Bryan, 2009). As IT teams has played an important role in an organisation, it is essential for the companys manager to choose the IT firm that could gives them reliable performance and ensure of quick response time in produceing, installing and repairing net works and servers. Based on research, if a company has an efficient computer network, most probably it will raise business outcome, reduce unnecessary cost and increase business efficiency, this makes network installation and computer maintenance as the two most important aspect of business growth (Bryan, 2009). I will explain more about the benefits of network management in the next paragraph.In todays networked economy, understanding the business impact of network management is important, beca manipulation most of the business revenue is relying on network-based system whose availability and performance are critical to survival and business growth (Stephen, 2003). The company network is like the backbone of the company, nodes use the network service to access into goods and influence that is pictured by the company, or whether for Internet or databases access, billing enquiry, or other business practices (Stephen, 2003). The entire company business will suffer if the network f ails or network does non manage properly by the network manager, because customers and employees cannot communicate, they cannot access needed information, or employees are not able to perform printing, and email services this will causes productivity suffer and a s crimp to revenue flowing, for example, if a network failure affects the email services/server. Today, most people are using email services to deliver messages instead of using hand written paper. If the companys network device fails, employees are not able to deliver email and part of the business will be terminated. Customers are affected, employee productivity slows down, the reputation of the corporation will decrease, and revenue will be dried up (Stephen, 2003). In my opinion, this is the reason why network must be properly managed and always need a redundancy for any obstacles that whitethorn bring in the future. The information about the network failure that was mentioned just now, the network manager should be r esponsible for this case because it is network managers trick to maintain good network performance. Network Managers must ensure he could minimize the downtime and remain the network performance speed, so most of the network managers will use network management systems or tools together to manage the network. These systems also allow businesses to operate more efficiently, low costs, and prevent revenue loss. I will provide some examples of companies to prove the usage of these systems.After explaining of how network management affects business growth, I will now provide some white/research paper, books, and internet resources discussion that I have found to explain the real-world situation of organisations that is affected by the network management. This is to prove that network management does play an important role in business growth.As networks grow larger, they will become less manageable (Douglas, 2007). In fact, we are already reaching the limits of network sizes that we can cargo area with the current tools (Douglas, 2007). In addition, network management helps to keep networking cost and operational cost under control. Businesses increasingly rely on data networks as the original link to customers and other businesses. adept particular aspect of network management has become inextricably linked to the bottom line network downtime. For many businesses, the losses that occur plot of land a network is down, brings the business to staggering results. Ironically, as businesses grow and its network size increases, the time required to diagnose and repair increases rapidly, businesses that are most successful bears the most risk (Douglas, 2007). These days many network companies, like Dell Corporation, provides network management tool. Dell creates a network management software/tool to provide easier methods to manage their own network to reduce cost, because it is expensive to hire a network management professional to manage a companies network, and b y reducing the cost, the company could use the money to invest into other field (Stephen, 2003). The system will provide a so called early archetype system for network outages or failure to warn users that problems are coming soon. The software name is called Dell OpenManage. The software is designed to meet the cost and device characteristic requirements of Small, Medium Enterprises, and it also that time and money (Stephen, 2003). As I mentioned earlier, these tools are created for companies to manage their network with some easy features and to support their business objectives and brings revenues enchantment reducing costs by helping IT administrators to manage the companies network in less time and in a more efficient manner. Furthermore, I will provide another example.In the white paper from Solarwinds, network management and monitoring software is on demand for every company across all industries (Mike, 2010). As a result, some companies are experiencing strong Return on Investment(ROI) from a good network management because of the amazing data analysis and reporting that relates to business processes, and it also benefits like consolidated hardware usage, reduced man-hours and reliable network uptime (Mike, 2010). In my opinion, there is no excuse for companies to not be mensural about their investment on network and Information Technology in these days or else, they might lose revenue at the end of the day. One way to reduce cost for network management is to use a network management tool. The example below shows how a team has gained benefits from a network management tool.I would like to give another example of a network management tool that brings benefits to a team in an organisation -The hunting watch. The Orion brings benefits to a senior network engineer in California by providing good network management service with a low cost while he is doing a project with his team members. He mentioned that Orion network management monitor tool help s him and his team increase data capture and report, and stretch forth an easy business root analysis company-wide (Mike, 2010). Orion provides them with system performance insight and it analysis mission-critical business applications, as the result that was calculated, they are able to save $29k on equipment replacement costs over two years (Mike, 2010). Orions automated nature and ability to approach network issues proactively saved the company about $50k in its overall IT budget in 2008 and $80k in 2009, rather than employing help desk workers, a system admin and a network engineer to manually monitor the network, the product can do the job of several individuals (Mike, 2010). From saving all the money from 2008 to 2009, the company is able to use that money to support into other fields. From my point of view, the company might need to spend $50K to $80K or more to support network management to achieve their needs if they work the plan without a network management tool. Based o n the conclusion of the white paper, they conclude that network management can provide tangible results for the company not only helping to make their job easier but also easing issues across the entire company (Mike, 2010). In my opinion, I arrively agree with the explanation shows just now that network management plays an important role in corporate business growth.Based on a white paper, reducing or preventing network downtime is the biggest factor in preserving revenue, maintaining customer satisfaction, maintain the companys reputation and maximizing productivity (Jason, 2009). A company stated that SME companies experience an average of nearly 140 hours of downtime every year. The study concluded that the total impact of an outage was 55% lost revenue and 45% lost productivity (Jason, 2009). The total amount of downtime reduction can deliver significant business savings, one group of SMEs in the study experienced an average loss of $70,000per downtime hour (Jason, 2009). Furt her analysis found other studies into the causes of downtime concluded that 45% of all network outages are caused by configuration error or network management, sometimes referred to as soft issues. In my opinion, the network is at the core of the activities and must operate efficiently and reliably. They also concluded and confirmed that without network management, companies are vulnerable to network performance and availability problem. According to research, when changes to the network are not conservatively planned and implemented, it compounds the difficulty of maintaining the network in a cost-effective way (Jason, 2009).Based on research, top managements support is critical for projects to be successful (Teresa, 2005). However, in large organisations spread across the globe, it is easy to lose sight of this factor. CIO reports the case of a company that lost 50% of its market capitalization due to top management failure to implement a global information technology strategy (T eresa, 2005). The failure cost the company approximately $500 million dollars (Teresa, 2005). There were several IT issues that were the cause for a lot of agony. First, customer queries on order status took several days to respond. Second, orders from a single customer with locations in different countries were processed by separate systems (Teresa, 2005). This created unnecessary statements to the customer. In my opinion, I conclude that most of the problems are affected by bad network management, for example the befriend issue about customer locations in different countries been processed by separate system, should blame on network manager for not having good network management plan.In conclusion, I have explained three network management goals that effect the business growth by using examples of companies and information I have found. I have used some real life company experiences that were affected by network management. And I have explained how network management tool will pr ovide different benefits to a company in certain situations. Based on every research and information I have found, I concluded that network management play such a key role in generating revenue and keeping employees productive and customers happy, we need to understand the grandness of network management and the role it plays in maintaining network performance, availability, and customer satisfaction. In return, having an effective network management working in an organisation should provide a excellent performance, and governance, to ensure the ongoing success of the communications infrastructure in support of, and aligned to, organisational goal (Jason, 2010).BibliographyDevaraj, S and Kohli, R, The IT payoff measuring the business appraise of information technology investment, Prentice-Hall Inc, 2003.Harris, K, Building the new Enterprise People, Processes and Technology, Sun Microsystems Press, 1998Dawson, R. Living Networks Leading Your Company, Customers, and Partners in th e Hyper-Connected Economy. Prentice-Hall Inc, 2003.

The Great Debaters: The Wiley College Debate Team Essay -- Film, Movie

IntroductionConflict is inevit fit in any personal family or among members of any group. While we encounter many types of conflict in our lifetime, we often look for ways to avoid conflict. So, why do we run onward from dealing with our conflict? It is often because many of us fear the conflict will escalate into a situation we will not be able to sustain. As conflicts escalate, they go through certain incremental transformations. Although these transformations occur separately on each side, they affect the conflict as a whole because they ar usually mirrored by the other side. As a result of these transformations, the conflict is intensified in ways that are sometimes exceedingly knotty to undo (Pruitt, and Kim 89). We see many of these intense moments of escalating conflict throughout the story of The Great Debaters. The Great Debaters is based on a true story of trio African-American students faced with the escalating conflict of racism in the 1930s, with their Engli sh College Professor, Melvin B. Tolson bringing them together to create the first African-American debate team.An outspoken Wiley College professor who boldly challenged the discriminatory Jim Crow laws of the 1930s, Tolsons recognizes that his young debate students possess the spark of a new generation. Convinced that they could invoke great change if effrontery the confidence and tools involve to do so, the tireless educator implores his students to take responsibility for the future while furtively attempting to protect them from his clandestine role as an organizer for the Southern renter Farmers Union. Chief among Tolsons promising young students is a 14-year-old prodigy named James Farmer, Jr. Farmers father, James Sr., is a renown... ...y successful in eliminating the escalating conflict they were faced with they were also given an opportunity to address the racism and oppression they had experienced over the years. Works CitedBuchanan, Jason. The Great Debaters Plot & Synopsis. Rev. of The Great Debaters. Moviefone. AOL Inc., 13 May 2008. Web. 11 July 2010. .Pruitt, Dean G, and strain Hee Kim. Social Conflict Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement. 3rd ed. 2004. New York McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004. Print.The Great Debaters - Negroes should be admitted to the same college as whites. Denzel Washington. MGM, 2007. YouTube. Web. 11 July 2010. . Watkins, Karen. When Co-Workers Clash. Training and Development Journal, 2003 26-27. Web. 11 July 2010.